Table 1.
Immunological and Virological Parameters Compared by Reservoir Size
| Parameter | All (N = 40) | >10 Copies/106 PBMCs (n = 29) | <10 Copies/106 PBMCs (n = 11) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region, No. (%) | .062 | |||
| Italy | 16 (40.0) | 9 (31.0) | 7 (63.6) | |
| Spain | 5 (12.5) | 3 (10.3) | 2 (18.2) | |
| United Kingdom | 19 (47.5) | 17 (58.6) | 2 (18.2) | |
| Sex, female, No. (%) | 27 (67.5) | 17 (58.6) | 10 (90.9) | .068 |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | .663 | |||
| White | 13 (32.5) | 8 (27.6) | 5 (45.5) | |
| Black/Black African | 21 (52.5) | 16 (55.15) | 5 (45.5) | |
| Other | 6 (15.0) | 5 (17.25) | 1 (9.09) | |
| Age at HIV diagnosis, mo | 4.17 (2.19–6.32) | 4.92 (3.08–6.49) | 3.61 (0.34–4.26) | .084 |
| AIDS diagnosis, No. (%) | .486 | |||
| No | 25 (62.5) | 17 (58.6) | 8 (72.7) | |
| Yes | 15 (37.5) | 12 (41.4) | 3 (27.3) | |
| Age at ART start, mo | 4.08 (0.25–6.23) | 4.59 (2.66–7.64) | 3.61 (0.10–4.49) | .071 |
| Follow-up, y | 13.0 (8.19–16.1) | 13.6 (8.29–16.4) | 10.7 (8.99–15.0) | .892 |
| Virology | ||||
| VL at diagnosis, log copies/mL | 5.60 (4.98–5.93) | 5.70 (5.25–6.00) | 4.66 (4.18–5.33) | .030 |
| VL at ART start, log copies/mL | 5.28 (4.07–5.70) | 5.48 (4.91–5.80) | 4.64 (4.00–5.18) | .119 |
| Time to viral suppression, mo | 4.69 (2.52–6.26) | 4.59 (3.21–6.46) | 4.79 (1.93–5.11) | .844 |
| VL blip. No. (%) | 11 (27.5) | 10 (34.5) | 1 (9.09) | .233 |
| Time to blip, y | 3.7 (2.35–7.26) | 3.31 (2.23–7.30) | 6.48 (6.48–6.48) | .723 |
| Viral spike, No. (%) | 5 (12.5) | 3 (10.3) | 2 (18.2) | .603 |
| Time to spike, y | 1.53 (0.86–3.53) | 3.52 (2.53–7.97) | 0.61 (0.48–0.73) | .200 |
| Immunology | ||||
| At diagnosis | ||||
| CD4 count | 1515 (637–2235) | 1510 (643–2120) | 1621 (827–2955) | .721 |
| CD4 % | 31.0 (18.0–38.0) | 34.0 (18.0–38.0) | 30.5 (25.2–39.0) | 1.000 |
| CD8 count | 1406 (720–2170) | 985 (639–1931) | 2170 (2115–3226) | .077 |
| CD8 % | 32.0 (25.0–40.0) | 29.0 (22.5–40.0) | 35.0 (33.0–47.0) | .157 |
| At ART start | ||||
| CD4 count | 1310 (478–2376) | 948 (478–2284) | 1506 (988–2965) | .590 |
| CD4 % | 30.5 (19.2–42.5) | 27.0 (19.0–41.0) | 33.0 (30.0–45.0) | .482 |
| CD8 count | 1068 (795–2129) | 960 (695–1688) | 2115 (1380–2170) | .166 |
| CD8 % | 31.0 (26.5–40.0) | 30.0 (25.0–40.0) | 34.0 (30.8–36.5) | .500 |
| CD4/CD8 | 0.84 (0.60–1.57) | 0.82 (0.59–1.98) | 0.89 (0.64–0.94) | .749 |
| At viral suppression | ||||
| CD4 count | 1710 (924–2263) | 1680 (891–2120) | 2028 (1535–2735) | .223 |
| CD4 % | 31.0 (25.4–44.0) | 30.0 (23.5–42.5) | 39.5 (30.0–46.2) | .161 |
| CD8 count | 1064 (826–1732) | 1064 (795–1716) | 1297 (878–1715) | .780 |
| CD8 % | 27.5 (18.5–32.2) | 28.0 (19.0–32.0) | 24.0 (18.0–32.0) | .784 |
| At reservoir analysis | ||||
| CD4 count | 872 (646–1053) | 877 (719–1043) | 630 (452–1080) | .440 |
| CD4 % | 41.0 (33.8–46.2) | 41.0 (36.0–46.0) | 39.0 (32.0–46.5) | .606 |
| CD8 count | 584 (402–708) | 636 (434–712) | 426 (292–642) | .142 |
| CD8 % | 26.0 (23.0–30.0) | 26.0 (23.0–30.0) | 25.0 (23.0–30.0) | .761 |
| CD4/CD8 | 1.54 (1.28–1.88) | 1.54 (1.31–1.88) | 1.54 (1.28–2.04) | .774 |
| Serology at reservoir analysis (n = 39) | n = 29 | n = 10 | ||
| Anti-CMV IgG, No. (%) | 1.000 | |||
| Negative | 10 (25.6) | 8 (27.6) | 2 (20.0) | |
| Positive | 29 (74.4) | 21 (72.4) | 8 (80.0) | |
| HIV Ag/Ab at reservoir analysis, No. (%) | .087 | |||
| Equivocal/positive | 29 (74.4) | 24 (82.8) | 5 (50.0) | |
| Nonreactive | 10 (25.6) | 5 (17.2) | 5 (50.0) | |
| Ag/Ab | 4.47 (0.74–26.8) | 6.02 (2.05–27.8) | 1.20 (0.10–3.21) | .087 |
| Western blot score | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | 1.5 (0.5–2.0) | 0.75 (0.0–1.75) | .269 |
Data are presented as median (IQR) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: Ag/Ab, antigen/antibody; ART, antiretroviral therapy; CMV, cytomegalovirus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IgG, immunoglobulin G; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; VL, viral load.