Table 1. Maternal, prenatal and childbirth characteristics, by maternal age and type of financing of childbirth, Brazil, 2011–2012.
| Variablesa | Public healthcare | χ2 p | Private healthcare | χ2 p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20–29 y.old (n = 10,364) | ≥ 35 y.old (n = 1,636) | 20-29 y.old (n = 2,198) | ≥ 35 y.old (n = 873) | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| Maternal schooling | < 0.0001 | 0.023 | ||||
| ≤ 7 years | 2,714 (26.3) | 716 (44.0) | 58 (2.7) | 35 (4.0) | ||
| 8–10 years | 2,908 (28.2) | 284 (17.5) | 224 (10.3) | 60 (7.0) | ||
| ≥ 11 years | 4,704 (45.6) | 627 (38.5) | 1,898 (87.0) | 771 (89.0) | ||
| Skin color | 0.456 | < 0.0001 | ||||
| White | 7,367 (71.1) | 1,141 (69.7) | 1,070 (48.7) | 347 (39.7) | ||
| non-white | 2,996 (28.9) | 495 (30.3) | 1,127 (51.3) | 527 (60.3) | ||
| Marital status | 0.008 | 0.090 | ||||
| With partner | 1,951 (18.9) | 247 (15.1) | 263 (12.0) | 76 (8.7) | ||
| Without a partner | 8,387 (81.1) | 1,387 (84.9) | 1,933 (88.0) | 797 (91.3) | ||
| Prenatal and childbirth characteristics | ||||||
| Same doctor PN and childbirth | 0.002 | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 999 (9.7) | 209 (12.8) | 1,657 (75.5) | 744 (85.1) | ||
| No | 9,343 (90.3) | 1,427 (87.2) | 538 (24.5) | 130 (14.9) | ||
| Adequacy PN | 0.621 | 0.006 | ||||
| Inadequate | 8,760 (84.5) | 1,393 (85.1) | 1,785 (81.2) | 746 (85.5) | ||
| Adequate | 1,603 (15.5) | 243 (14.9) | 412 (18.8) | 127 (14.5) | ||
| Search for healthcare unit for childbirth | 0.004 | 0.516 | ||||
| No | 7,919 (76.5) | 1,325 (81.0) | 2,072 (94.3) | 830 (95.1) | ||
| Yes | 2,438 (23.5) | 310 (19.0) | 125 (5.7) | 43 (4.9) | ||
| Initial preference for the type of childbirth | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Vaginal/no preference | 8,052 (77.7) | 1,065 (65.1) | 1,283 (58.4) | 396 (45.4) | ||
| Cesarean | 2,310 (22.3) | 570 (34.9) | 914 (41.6) | 477 (54.6) | ||
| Type of childbirth | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Vaginal/Forceps | 5,870 (58.2) | 778 (48.8) | 282 (13.0) | 73 (8.4) | ||
| Prelabor cesarean | 3,590 (35.6) | 723 (45.3) | 1,805 (83.3) | 773 (89.3) | ||
| Cesarean with labor | 626 (6.2) | 93 (5.8) | 81 (3.7) | 20 (2.3) | ||
| Parity | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Nulliparous | 4,255 (41.1) | 213 (13.0) | 1,443 (65.7) | 294 (33.6) | ||
| 1 to 2 previous deliveries | 5,067 (48.9) | 818 (50.0) | 730 (33.2) | 546 (62.5) | ||
| 3 or more previous deliveries | 1,401 (10.0) | 604 (36.9) | 24 (1.1) | 34 (3.9) | ||
| Previous cesarean sections | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||
| None | 4,010 (38.7) | 921 (56.3) | 290 (13.2) | 146 (16.7) | ||
| Nulliparous | 4,255 (41.1) | 213 (13.0) | 1,443 (65.7) | 294 (33.7) | ||
| One | 1,558 (15.0) | 337 (20.6) | 417 (19.0) | 341 (39.1) | ||
| Two or more | 541 (5.2) | 164 (10.0) | 48 (2.2) | 92 (10.5) | ||
| Composition of obstetric risk | ||||||
| Hypertensive diseaseb | 1,000 (9.6) | 329 (20.1) | < 0.0001 | 255 (11.6) | 149 (17.0) | 0.002 |
| Pre-pregnancy diabetes | 94 (0.9) | 48 (2.9) | < 0.0001 | 08 (0.4) | 22 (2.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Pregnancy diabetes | 734 (7.1) | 265 (16.2) | < 0.0001 | 162 (7.4) | 109 (12.5) | < 0.0001 |
| BMI ≥ 30Kg/m2 | 885 (8.5) | 259 (15.8) | < 0.0001 | 215 (9.8) | 102 (11.7) | 0.258 |
| HIV-positive | 52 (0.5) | 14 (0.9) | 0.122 | 02 (0.1) | 01 (0.1) | 0.559 |
| GA < 37 or > 41 weeks | 1,271 (12.3) | 271 (16.6) | < 0.0001 | 261 (11.9) | 104 (11.9) | 0.917 |
| Multiple pregnancy | 86 (0.8) | 32 (2.0) | 0.003 | 48 (2.2) | 21 (2.4) | 0.647 |
| Non cephalic presentation | 383 (3.7) | 118 (7.2) | < 0.0001 | 96 (4.4) | 49 (5.6) | 0.122 |
| Weight < 2500 / > 4499 g | 841 (8.1) | 249 (15.2) | < 0.0001 | 182 (8.3) | 77 (8.8) | 0.778 |
| Weight per GA < 5º e > 95º | 1,108 (10.7) | 243 (14.9) | < 0.0001 | 215 (9.8) | 94 (10.8) | 0.394 |
| Summary measure of obstetric risk | < 0.0001 | 0.005 | ||||
| Low | 6,052 (58.4) | 664 (40.6) | 1,274 (58.0) | 442 (50.6) | ||
| High | 4,312 (41.6) | 971 (59.4) | 923 (42.0) | 431 (49.4) | ||
PN: prenatal care; GA: gestational age; BMI: body mass index.
a Some variables present missing data.
b Hypertensive disease: chronic hypertension, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or syndrome HELLP.