Table 2.

Differences of Patterns Appraisal of Decision-Making Involvement by the African American PLWD

	Incongruent, PLWD Low Involvement (n = 12) $\overline{x}$± SD	Incongruent, PLWD Moderate Involvement (n = 33) ± SD	Congruent, PLWD High Involvement (n = 17) $\overline{x}$± SD	p Value (t test)	Effect size (Hedge’s g)
Decision-making involvement
Incongruence	−0.75 ± 0.31	−0.77 ± 0.15	−0.03 ± 0.10	.008	0.51
Dyadic average	0.98 ± 0.07	1.87 ± 0.04	2.81 ± 0.05	<.001	0.23

Notes: PLWD = person living with dementia; SD = standard deviation. Incongruence and average scores are empirical Bayes estimates from multilevel modeling which controls for the interdependent nature of the data and corrects measurement error. Negative incongruence scores signify PLWDs rated their decision-making involvement higher than their caregivers. Positive incongruence scores signify PLWDs rated their decision-making involvement lower than their caregivers. A score of 0 indicates congruence or no incongruence. Incongruent, PLWD Moderate Involvement pattern is a referent for Hedge’s g.