Table 2.
Correlations of the Vascular Endothelial Index with Demographic, Psychiatric, and Physical Health Characteristics
| Healthy Comparison (N= 99) | Schizophrenia (N = 99) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | r | p | N | r | p | |
| Sociodemographic Factors | ||||||
| Age (years) | 99 | 0.07 | 0.47 | 99 | −0.20 | 0.05* |
| Gender | 99 | 0.03 | 0.74 | 99 | −0.07 | 0.52 |
| Education (years) | 99 | 0.04 | 0.70 | 99 | −0.15 | 0.13 |
| Race | 99 | 0.25 | 0.01* | 99 | 0.05 | 0.63 |
| Body mass index | 96 | 0.41 | <0.001* | 97 | 0.14 | 0.16 |
| Current smoking status | 99 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 99 | 0.07 | 0.51 |
| Psychiatric Factors | ||||||
| Age of onset (years) | -- | -- | -- | 98 | −0.34 | 0.001 |
| Illness duration (years) | -- | -- | -- | 98 | 0.06 | 0.58 |
| Antipsychotic daily dosage1 | -- | -- | -- | 99 | 0.07 | 0.48 |
| SAPS Total Score | 99 | 0.05 | 0.73 | 99 | −0.03 | 0.80 |
| SANS Total Score | 98 | 0.07 | 0.51 | 99 | 0.11 | 0.30 |
| PHQ-9 Severity Score | 96 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 97 | 0.21 | 0.04* |
| SF-36 Mental Component | 96 | −0.09 | 0.39 | 99 | −0.27 | 0.008* |
| Executive Functioning Composite | 99 | −0.32 | 0.001* | 99 | −0.14 | 0.18 |
| D-KEFS Trail Making Letter-Number Switching | 99 | 0.30 | 0.003* | 96 | 0.11 | 0.27 |
| D-KEFS Color-Word Interference Inhibition Switching | 99 | 0.25 | 0.01* | 95 | 0.04 | 0.73 |
| D-KEFS Letter Fluency | 99 | −0.21 | 0.04* | 99 | −0.14 | 0.17 |
| Physical Health Factors | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 95 | 0.27 | 0.008* | 91 | 0.34 | 0.001* |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 95 | 0.22 | 0.03* | 91 | 0.30 | 0.004* |
| HDL cholesterol | 94 | −0.20 | 0.06 | 95 | −0.38 | <0.001* |
| LDL cholesterol | 94 | 0.10 | 0.34 | 92 | 0.15 | 0.14 |
| Triglycerides (TG) | 94 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 95 | 0.19 | 0.07 |
| TG:HDL ratio | 94 | 0.29 | 0.005* | 95 | 0.20 | 0.06 |
| TG:LDL ratio | 94 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 92 | 0.12 | 0.26 |
| Hemoglobin A1c | 87 | 0.30 | 0.004* | 83 | 0.20 | 0.08 |
| Glucose | 98 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 98 | 0.15 | 0.14 |
| Insulin | 94 | 0.32 | 0.002* | 94 | 0.25 | 0.02* |
| HOMA-IR | 93 | 0.34 | 0.001* | 93 | 0.28 | 0.007* |
| CIRS Vascular Score | 99 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 99 | 0.16 | 0.11 |
| CIRS Total Score | 99 | 0.22 | 0.03* | 99 | 0.13 | 0.21 |
| CIRS Severity Index | 99 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 99 | 0.05 | 0.62 |
| SF-36 Physical Component | 96 | −0.17 | 0.10 | 99 | −0.09 | 0.36 |
| Framingham CHD Risk Score | 90 | 0.44 | <0.001* | 84 | 0.42 | <0.001* |
| Framingham CVD Risk Score | 91 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 87 | 0.19 | 0.07 |
| Leukocytes | 95 | 0.35 | <0.001* | 89 | 0.28 | 0.008* |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 99 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 99 | 0.29 | 0.003* |
| TNFα (pg/mL) | 99 | 0.08 | 0.42 | 99 | −0.05 | 0.60 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 96 | 0.47 | <0.001* | 98 | 0.27 | 0.008* |
| Chemokine index2 | 99 | 0.11 | 0.30 | 99 | 0.09 | 0.39 |
| F2 isoprostanes (ng/mL) | 98 | 0.11 | 0.28 | 99 | 0.17 | 0.09 |
p < 0.05
World Health Organization defined daily dose
Chemokine index calculated based on [44]
CHD = coronary heart disease; CIRS = Cumulative Illness Rating Scale; CVD = cardiovascular disease; D-KEFS = Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; IL = interleukin; HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire; SANS = Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS = Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; SF-36 = Medical Outcome Survey 36-item Short Form; TG = triglycerides; TNFα = tumor necrosis factor-alpha