Table 1. Examples of Drugs Metabolized by CES and AADAC Enzymes.

enzyme	drug substrates	selective probe substrate	references
CES1	imidapril, enalapril, meperidine, oseltamivir, clopidogrel, heroin, lidocaine, irinotecan, cocaine	d-luciferin methyl ester (DME)	(12−16)
CES2	prasugrel, irinotecan, capecitabine	fluorescein diacetate (FDA), procaine	(14, 16, and 17)
AADAC	rifabutin, rifampicin, indiplon, rifapentine, flutamide	phenacetin	(16 and 18−21)