The NLRP3 inflammasome begins its activation through a priming step mediated by the transcription factor NF-κB, which upregulates inflammasome components NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β. Multiple endogenous vasoactive molecules including Endothelin-1, Aldosterone, Angiotensin II, and NaCl can serve as priming stimuli. A second activation step is needed to trigger the formation of the components into the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling complex. Once assembled, caspase-1 proteolytically cleaves pro-IL-1β into the released IL-1β. NLRP3 inflammasome activation has been shown to play a role in the induction of renal injury and vascular remodeling, ultimately leading to hypertension. (Illustration Credit: Ben Smith)