TABLE 4.
Effect of maternal nutritional supplementation during lactation on infant growth1
| Measure | Unadjusted risk ratio or unadjusted mean difference (95% CI) | Adjusted risk ratio or adjusted mean difference (95% CI)2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (n = 408) | Control (n = 408) | |||
| Attained anthropometric measures at 6 mo of infant age3 | ||||
| Primary outcome | ||||
| LAZ at 6 mo (n = 388, 384) | −0.89 ± 1.12 | −1.0 ± 1.01 | 0.10 (−0.05, 0.25) | 0.09 (−0.03, 0.20) |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| WAZ at 6 mo (n = 388, 384) | −1.08 ± 1.16 | −1.17 ± 1.07 | 0.08 (−0.08, 0.24) | 0.08 (−0.05, 0.21) |
| WLZ at 6 mo (n = 388, 384) | −0.63 ± 1.16 | −0.66 ± 1.06 | 0.03 (−0.12, 0.19) | 0.04 (−0.11, 0.20) |
| Showed stunting at 6 mo (n = 388, 384) | 59 (15.2) | 58 (15.1) | 1.00 (0.70,1.45) | 1.09 (0.75,1.59) |
| Showed wasting at 6 mo (n = 388, 384) | 47 (12.1) | 36 (9.4) | 1.29 (0.84, 1.99) | 1.29 (0.83, 1.99) |
| Underweight at 6 mo (n = 388, 384) | 73 (18.8) | 77 (20.1) | 0.94 (0.68, 1.29) | 0.96 (0.70, 1.33) |
| MUAC z score at 6 mo (n = 388, 384) | −0.53 ± 1.06 | −0.56 ± 0.99 | 0.03 (−0.12, 0.17) | 0.03 (−0.11, 0.16) |
| Head circumference z score at 6 mo in cm, (n = 388, 384) | −1.39 ± 1.01 | −1.45 ± 1.06 | 0.06 (−0.09, 0.20) | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.17) |
| Change in anthropometric measures over the 6-mo period4 | ||||
| Change in LAZ at 0–3 mo (n = 386, 367) | 0.16 ± 0.72 | 0.15 ± 0.74 | 0.01 (−0.09, 0.11) | 0.03 (−0.07, 0.12) |
| Change in LAZ at 3–6 mo (n = 378, 361) | 0.16 ± 0.66 | 0.11 ± 0.66 | 0.04 (−0.06, 0.14) | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.16) |
| Mean 3-monthly change in LAZ | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.09) | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.10) | ||
| Change in WLZ at 0–3 mo (n = 358, 334) | 0.48 ± 1.21 | 0.45 ± 1.38 | 0.03 (−0.13, 0.19) | 0.04 (−0.10, 0.19) |
| Change in WLZ at 3–6 mo (n = 378, 361) | −0.18 ± 0.82 | −0.14 ± 0.89 | −0.03 (−0.19, 0.13) | −0.05 (−0.19, 0.10) |
| Mean 3-monthly change in WLZ | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.08, 0.08) | ||
| Change in MUAC at 0–3 mo (n = 386, 367) | 3.29 ± 1.07 | 3.24 ± 1.09 | 0.05 (−0.08,0.18) | 0.06 (−0.07,0.19) |
| Change in MUAC at 3–6 mo (n = 378, 361) | 0.76 ± 0.74 | 0.80 ± 0.74 | −0.05 (−0.18, 0.08) | −0.04 (−0.17, 0.09) |
| Mean 3-monthly change in MUAC | 0.00 (−0.08,0.08) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.09) | ||
Data are n (%) or mean ± SD, with outcome measures of adjusted risk ratios for the numbers of infants showing stunting, wasting, or underweight, and adjusted mean differences for other growth parameters. None of the P values (2-sided) were significant. BMI-Z, BMI z score; GEE, generalized estimating equation; GLM, generalized linear model; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; LAZ, length-for-age z score; WAZ, weight-for-age z score; WLZ, weight-for-length z score.
Adjusted for wealth quintile, gestational age, and LAZ and BMI-Z at baseline.
Analysis using GLM.
Analysis using GEE with Gaussian family, identity link, exchangeable correlation; adjusted for wealth quintile, BMI-Z at baseline, and gestational age for LAZ changes; adjusted for wealth quintile, LAZ scores, BMI-Z at baseline and gestational age for WLZ changes; adjusted for wealth quintile, LAZ, and BMI-Z at baseline and gestational age for MUAC changes.