TABLE 2.

Household coverage and mean concentration of vitamin A-fortified sugar and oil in Malawi 2015–2016 by region

		Region
	n (unweighted)	Overall (n = 2112)	North (n = 690)	Central (n = 718)	South (n = 704)
Cooking oil1
No oil in household	484	23.2 (17.3, 29.2)	20.3 (14.3, 26.3)	20.5 (11.7, 29.4)	26.4 (17.2, 35.7)
Oil present in household (not collected or tested)	178	6.3 (3.4, 9.2)	16.1 (7.3, 24.9)	3.4 (1.3, 5.6)	6.5 (1.2, 11.8)
Vitamin A in oil >0 mg RE/kg2	1441	70.5 (63.1, 77.9)	63.6 (51.2, 76.0)	76.0 (66.5, 85.6)	67.1 (54.7, 79.4)
Sugar3
No sugar in household	504	25.3 (18.9, 31.7)	20.6 (14.1, 27.1)	20.4 (10.1, 30.7)	30.9 (21.9, 40.0)
Sugar present in household (not collected or tested)	30	2.9 (0.0, 6.8)	1.4 (0.2, 2.6)	<0.1 (0.0, 0.1)	5.9 (0.0, 14.1)
Vitamin A in sugar >0 mg RE/kg4	1566	71.8 (64.1, 79.6)	78.0 (71.1, 84.9)	79.6 (69.3, 89.9)	63.2 (51.1, 75.2)
Concentration, mg/kg
Retinol in cooking oil	1441	6.6 (5.3, 8.0)	8.6 (6.3, 10.8)	4.1 (3.3, 4.9)	8.8 (6.3, 11.4)
Retinol in sugar	1567	6.1 (5.4, 6.9)	9.2 (8.3, 10.1)	6.9 (5.7, 8.1)	4.4 (3.7, 5.1)

¹Values are numbers of households or means (95% CIs). Nine households had missing data on cooking oil. Concentration range limit for the portable photometer, used to measure vitamin A in oil, was 3–30 mg RE/kg. Rao–Scott modified chi-square found no difference across regions comparing vitamin A in oil >0 mg RE/kg. RE, retinol equivalents;

²There were n = 937 oil samples equal to 3 mg RE/kg.

³Eleven households had missing data on sugar. Concentration range limit for the portable fluorometer, used to measure vitamin A in sugar, was 0.5–3.0 mg RE/kg; samples with RE above 3 mg/kg were diluted. Rao–Scott modified chi-square found no difference across regions comparing vitamin A in sugar >0 mg RE/kg.

⁴One sugar sample had undetectable vitamin A; the maximum recorded concentration of retinol in sugar was 33 mg/kg.