Table 1.
Baseline Clinical Characteristics of Patients Receiving CT or Non-CT According to EF Category
| HFrEF | HFmrEF | HFpEF | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | CT | Non-CT | All | CT | Non-CT | All | CT | Non-CT | |
| No. patients | 308 | 181 | 127 | 125 | 62 | 63 | 585 | 216 | 369 |
| Age (years) | 74.2±12.6 | 71.1±12.8* | 78.6±10.9 | 76.2±10.7 | 74.9±11.3 | 77.4±9.9 | 79.7±10.5 | 77.9±10.4* | 80.8±10.5 |
| Male sex (%) | 61.7 | 64.6 | 57.5 | 52.0 | 51.6 | 52.4 | 43.7 | 44.9 | 43.1 |
| Comorbidities (%) | |||||||||
| History of HF | 67.9 | 63.0* | 74.8 | 55.2 | 58.1 | 52.4 | 51.1 | 50.0 | 51.8 |
| Coronary artery disease |
38.0 | 34.8 | 42.5 | 36.0 | 33.9 | 38.1 | 20.2 | 26.9* | 16.3 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 25.0 | 26.0 | 23.6 | 12.8 | 11.3 | 14.3 | 10.1 | 11.1 | 9.5 |
| Hypertension | 59.7 | 70.7* | 44.1 | 72.8 | 82.3* | 63.5 | 67.2 | 80.1* | 59.6 |
| Diabetes | 37.7 | 37.6 | 37.8 | 41.6 | 46.8 | 36.5 | 29.4 | 35.7* | 25.8 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 39.3 | 34.8 | 45.7 | 46.4 | 38.7 | 54.0 | 45.6 | 50.0 | 43.1 |
| CKD | 52.9 | 50.8 | 55.9 | 49.6 | 46.8 | 52.4 | 48.2 | 47.2 | 48.8 |
| History of stroke | 11.7 | 7.7* | 17.3 | 17.6 | 16.1 | 19.1 | 9.4 | 7.4 | 10.6 |
| LVEF (%) | 30.4±7.0 | 30.0±6.9 | 31.0±7.0 | 45.2±2.3 | 45.1±2.4 | 45.4±2.3 | 65.2±8.7 | 65.3±8.9 | 65.2±8.6 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 47.6 [35.9–61.9] |
48.9 [37.8–62.4] |
43.2 [33.1–61.3] |
48.9 [35.0–62.6] |
49.8 [36.0–59.0] |
46.1 [34.4–67.4] |
48.5 [35.3–64.5] |
48.0 [35.8–63.3] |
49.6 [34.1–66.3] |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 299 [128–559] |
249 [112–490]* |
365 [151–639] |
270 [96–503] |
243 [102–491] |
291 [94–560] |
166 [78–348] |
171 [68–352] |
163 [79–342] |
| Medication (%) | |||||||||
| RAS inhibitors (ARB/ACEI) |
71.1 | 100* | 29.9 | 62.4 | 100* | 25.4 | 60.0 | 100* | 36.6 |
| β-blocker | 81.2 | 100* | 54.3 | 74.4 | 100* | 49.2 | 55.2 | 100* | 29.0 |
| Diuretic | 93.5 | 92.8 | 94.5 | 84.0 | 85.5 | 82.5 | 72.8 | 79.2* | 69.1 |
| MRA | 19.8 | 18.8 | 21.3 | 22.4 | 22.6 | 22.2 | 14.2 | 12.5 | 14.9 |
| Calcium channel blocker |
11.4 | 13.3 | 8.7 | 16.8 | 17.4 | 15.9 | 23.1 | 21.8 | 23.9 |
| Oral inotropic agent | 12.3 | 7.7* | 18.9 | 4.8 | 1.6 | 7.9 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 4.1 |
| Digitalis | 5.5 | 3.3* | 8.7 | 7.2 | 4.8 | 9.5 | 3.9 | 6.5* | 2.4 |
| ADL at discharge | |||||||||
| Independent outdoor walking |
64.9 | 75.7* | 49.6 | 62.4 | 62.9 | 61.9 | 54.4 | 63.9* | 48.8 |
| Non-independent outdoor walking |
35.1 | 24.3* | 50.4 | 37.6 | 37.1 | 38.1 | 45.6 | 36.1* | 51.2 |
| Independent indoor walking |
18.5 | 16.0 | 22.0 | 16.8 | 24.2 | 9.5 | 24.4 | 23.1 | 25.2 |
| Indoor walking with assistance |
9.1 | 5.5 | 14.2 | 10.4 | 9.7 | 11.1 | 11.8 | 8.8 | 13.6 |
| Abasia | 7.5 | 2.8 | 14.2 | 10.4 | 3.2 | 17.5 | 9.4 | 4.2 | 12.5 |
Unless indicated otherwise, data are presented as the mean±SD or as the median [interquartile range]. *P<0.05 compared with the non-CT group. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ADL, activities of daily living; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CT, combination therapy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFmrEF, heart failure (HF) with mid-range ejection fraction (EF); HFpEF, HF with preserved EF; HFrEF, HF with reduced EF; LVEF, left ventricle EF; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; Non-CT, not CT; RAS, renin-angiotensin system.