Table 1.
Characteristics of included participants in terms of demographics, lifestyle, and disease history.
| Parameter | Frequency (percentage) (total participants, N = 58) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Gender | |
| Male | 30 (51.7) | |
| Female | 28 (48.3) | |
| Age (years ± SD) | 54.27 ± 11.48 | |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 2 (3.4) | |
| Married | 49 (84.5) | |
| Widowed | 7 (12.1) | |
| Highest obtained degree | ||
| None | 1 (1.7) | |
| Middle school | 20 (34.5) | |
| High school | 14 (24.1) | |
| University | 23 (39.7) | |
| Occupational status | ||
| Unemployed | 21 (36.2) | |
| Employed | 36 (62.1) | |
| Retired | 1 (1.7) | |
|
| ||
| Lifestyle | Cups of caffeinated drinks per day | |
| None | 1 (1.7) | |
| 1-2 cups | 26 (44.8) | |
| 3-4 cups | 19 (32.8) | |
| ≥5 cups | 7 (12.1) | |
| Rarely | 5 (8.6) | |
| Physical activity | ||
| None | 46 (79.3) | |
| Jogging | 5 (8.6) | |
| Weight lifting | 1 (1.7) | |
| Gym | 1 (1.7) | |
| Football | 1 (1.7) | |
| Aerobics | 1 (1.7) | |
| Combined activity | 3 (5.1) | |
| Smoking habits | ||
| Nonsmokers | ||
| Never smoked | 20 (34.5) | |
| Ex-smoker <1 y ago | 1 (1.7) | |
| Ex-smoker >1 y ago | 9 (15.5) | |
| Smokers | ||
| Cigarettes | 8 (13.8) | |
| Hookah | 19 (32.8) | |
| Both | 1 (1.7) | |
|
| ||
| Disease history | Hypertension | |
| ≤1 year ago | 4 (6.9) | |
| 1-2 years ago | 8 (13.8) | |
| 3-4 years ago | 9 (15.5) | |
| ≥5 years ago | 37 (63.8) | |
| Other diseases | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 38 (65.5) | |
| Diabetes | 14 (24.1) | |
| Thyroid disease | 9 (15.5) | |
|
| ||
| Antihypertensive medication | Antihypertensive therapy | |
| No therapy | 2 (3.44) | |
| Mono-therapy | 19 (32.75) | |
| Combination therapy | ||
| 2 drugs | 22 (37.93) | |
| ≥3 drugs | 15 (25.86) | |
| Class of antihypertensive drugs | ||
| Beta blocker | 26 (44.8) | |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor | 14 (24.1) | |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 24 (41.4) | |
| Calcium channel blocker | 21 (36.2) | |
| Diuretics | 23 (39.7) | |
| Tau/dosing frequency | ||
| 12 hours/twice daily | 10 (17.2) | |
| 24 hours/once daily | 42 (72.4) | |
| When needed | 4 (6.9) | |