Table 5.
Heart rate variability analysis during and after Ramadan.
| Afternoon | Evening | Morning | p value (within day) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| During Ramadan | After Ramadan | p value | During Ramadan | After Ramadan | p value | During Ramadan | After Ramadan | p value | During Ramadan | After Ramadan | |
| RR interval-derived parameters | |||||||||||
| Mean RR interval (ms) | 749.96 ± 17.96 | 768.74 ± 14.92 | 0.092 | 707.37 ± 18.81 ∗# | 754.51 ± 13.44 ∗ | 0.009 | 817.68 ± 15.37 | 798.14 ± 15.02 | 0.181 | <0.0001 | 0.008 |
| SDNN (ms) | 58.62 ± 5.24 | 44.44 ± 3.55 | 0.013 | 46.23 ± 5.95 ∗# | 40.52 ± 3.38 ∗ | 0.574 | 61.32 ± 4.39 | 53.36 ± 4.49 | 0.082 | 0.011 | 0.006 |
| PNN50 (%) | 9.43 ± 2.40 | 8.14 ± 1.84 | 0.704 | 7.02 ± 2.23 | 6.35 ± 1.72 ∗ | 0.817 | 10.16 ± 2.44 | 9.87 ± 2.33 | 0.711 | 0.274 | 0.049 |
| RMSSD (ms) | 40.14 ± 7.47 | 31.83 ± 5.01 | 0.349 | 32.37 ± 7.68 | 27.96 ± 3.97 | 0.805 | 34.72 ± 5.13 | 35.56 ± 5.56 | 0.984 | 0.394 | 0.204 |
| SD1 (ms) | 28.38 ± 5.28 | 22.51 ± 3.54 | 0.348 | 22.89 ± 5.43 | 19.77 ± 2.81 | 0.805 | 24.55 ± 3.63 | 25.14 ± 3.93 | 0.984 | 0.394 | 0.204 |
| SD2 (ms) | 75.17 ± 5.86 | 57.02 ± 4.03 | 0.006 | 59.30 ± 6.74 ∗# | 52.66 ± 4.16 ∗ | 0.565 | 81.32 ± 5.54 | 69.43 ± 5.41 | 0.059 | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| SD2/SD1 | 4.68 ± 0.34 | 3.53 ± 0.23 | 0.001 | 4.51 ± 0.32 | 3.52 ± 0.25 | 0.009 | 4.94 ± 0.40 | 4.03 ± 0.29 | 0.086 | 0.518 | 0.148 |
| Stress index (pts.) | 279.13 ± 32.42 | 350.43 ± 44.66 | 0.032 | 445.69 ± 45.62 ∗# | 347.31 ± 35.74 ∗ | 0.07 | 231.33 ± 25.99 | 261.68 ± 30.99 | 0.429 | <0.0001 | 0.014 |
|
| |||||||||||
| Parameters spectral analysis | |||||||||||
| Rel. power HF band (%) | 16.88 ± 2.60 | 16.64 ± 2.14 | 0.918 | 14.47 ± 2.23 | 15.53 ± 1.83 | 0.762 | 14.35 ± 1.86 | 19.82 ± 2.82 | 0.05 | 0.460 | 0.155 |
| Rel. Power LF band (%) | 27.38 ± 1.88 | 34.73 ± 2.12 | 0.003 | 30.03 ± 1.64 | 35.55 ± 1.97 | 0.059 | 26.52 ± 1.61 | 29.23 ± 2.26 | 0.290 | 0.268 | 0.070 |
| LF/HF ratio | 4.87 ± 0.83 | 3.41 ± 0.32 | 0.053 | 4.93 ± 0.59 | 4.15 ± 0.47 | 0.218 | 4.22 ± 0.62 | 4.54 ± 0.77 | 0.764 | 0.651 | 0.213 |
| Rhythmisation degree | 7.10 ± 0.62 | 6.76 ± 0.61 | 0.464 | 6.00 ± 0.76 | 5.98 ± 0.46 | 0.165 | 6.37 ± 0.51 | 6.50 ± 0.48 | 0.710 | 0.260 | 0.266 |
HF band (0.150–0.400 Hz); LF band (0.040–0.150 Hz); VLF band (0.003–0.040 Hz); ULF band (0.0001–0.0030 Hz). Values presented as mean ± SEM. ∗Statistically different compared to morning period of the same day. #Statistically different to afternoon period of the same day.