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α-Ketoglutarate metabolism in macrophages. α-Ketoglutarate is generated from isocitrate by the oxidative decarboxylation of IDH in the TCA cycle or glucose via glycolysis. Additionally, glutamine could be converted into α-ketoglutarate under the catalysis of GDH and GLS via glutaminolysis. Then, α-ketoglutarate is metabolized into succinyl-CoA catalyzed by α-KGDH in the TCA cycle. In addition, GDH-mediated α-ketoglutarate can inhibit IKKβ activation and block NF-κB activation.
