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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Interpers Violence. 2019 May 5;36(15-16):NP8852–NP8878. doi: 10.1177/0886260519846859

Table 3:

Differential environmental exposure along actual trip paths versus shortest potential trip paths among all study participants, and associations with positive adult connection, Philadelphia, PA, 2007–2011

Among All Study Participants Based on Presence of Positive Adult Connection
Environmental Exposure Difference in Exposure Density Between Shortest and Actual Routesa
60ft buffer
b [95% CI]		 Difference in Exposure Density Between Shortest and Actual Routesa
660ft buffer
b [95% CI]		 Association Between Positive Adult Connection and Difference in Exposure Densityb
60ft buffer
b [95% CI]		 Association Between Positive Adult Connection and Difference in Exposure Densityb
660ft buffer
b [95% CI]
Crime
  Vandalism 0.81 [0.46, 1.15]* 357.23 [−52.13, 766.59] 0.56 [−0.40, 1.53] −125.23 [−1286.77, 1036.31]
  Narcotics arrests 2.31 [−.035, 4.97] 183.04 [52.53, 313.55]* 2.20 [−5.34, 9.74] −113.05 [−483.06, 256.97]
  Disorderly conduct 0.74 [0.15, 1.33]* 80.41 [8.34, 152.48]* 0.76 [−0.91, 2.43] −132.61 [−336.35, 71.13]
  Public drunkenness 0.09 [−0.02, 0.20] 0.51 [−0.10, 1.12] 0.07 [−0.24, 0.38] 0.46 [−1.28, 2.19]
Substance retailers
  Alcohol outlets 0.06 [−0.01, 0.14] 21.24 [−7.16, 49.64] 0.07 [−0.13, 0.28] 2.94 [−77.64, 83.53]
Features of urban landscape
  Vacant properties 0.92 [−0.10, 1.94] 549.86 [−34.39,1134.11] 0.94 [−1.96, 3.83] 460.86 [−1195.94, 2117.66]
  Recreation department facilities 0.001 [−0.001, 0.003] 1.41 [−1.07, 3.89] 0.002 [−0.003, 0.01] 1.54 [−5.50, 8.58]
  Murals 0.04 [−0.02, 0.11] 56.72 [−26.19, 139.64] 0.16 [−0.03, 0.35] 42.99 [−192.23, 278.21]
a

Difference in exposure density is calculated as follows: Difference(density) = (total # points encountered within buffer per 1,000 feet traveled along short route) - (total # points encountered within given buffer per 1,000 feet traveled along actual route)

Mean difference in rate for each participant across all of their unique trips = (diff1 + diff2 + diff3 + diff4…)/#trips

b

OLS regression assessed for associations between positive adult connection and differences in exposure density between shortest and actual routes

*

p < .05

A portion of the results contained in this table have been presented in a previous publication outlining the exposure calculation methodology (Culyba, Health and Place, 2018).