Table 2.

Comparisons of MMSE-KC scores at the follow-up survey among four eating groups

Eating status		Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Total	Group 1	24.40±0.08	24.72±0.13	23.94±0.16	23.75±0.19
	Group 2	24.19±0.27	25.13±0.30	24.67±0.30	24.41±0.34
	Group 3	23.34±0.17	23.85±0.19	23.42±0.22	23.28±0.24
	Group 4	23.07±0.15	23.71±0.23	23.54±0.24	23.61±0.26
	p-value	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.002	0.026
Male	Group 1	26.15±0.09	26.04±0.12	25.36±0.16	25.17±0.19
	Group 2	25.56±0.37	25.89±0.42	25.18±0.41	24.88±0.47
	Group 3	25.34±0.27	25.53±0.32	25.04±0.33	25.18±0.39
	Group 4	25.40±0.36	25.78±0.54	25.29±0.52	26.12±0.59
	p-value	0.005	0.504	0.786	0.393
Female	Group 1	23.33±0.12	23.98±0.23	21.87±0.37	21.85±0.39
	Group 2	23.30±0.36	24.63±0.42	23.30±0.47	23.17±0.50
	Group 3	22.14±0.22	22.87±0.26	21.30±0.38	21.22±0.39
	Group 4	21.89±0.17	22.75±0.25	21.59±0.35	21.63±0.37
	p-value	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0004	0.001

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or frequencies (%).

The subjects were divided into four groups: group 1 (eating with others in both 2008 and 2011), group 2 (eating alone in 2008 and eating with others in 2011), group 3 (eating with others in 2008 and eating alone in 2011), and group 4 (eating alone in both 2008 and 2011). Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex; Model 2 was additionally adjusted for and household income, marital status, and living status; Model 3 was additionally adjusted for health behaviors, physical performance, body mass index, and Geriatric Depression Scale score; and Model 4 was additionally adjusted for comorbidities and the number of medications.

MMSE-KC, Mini-Mental State Examination (Koran version).