Table 3.

Measuring association using chi-square test

Categorical variables		Test value	p-value	Cramer’s V	Interpretation of association
Jaundice at birth	Toddler	5.781*	0.016	0.074	Negligible ($0<V\le 0.1$)
	Child	0.001	0.981	0.001	No significant ($p\ge \alpha$)
	Adolescent	0.574	0.449	0.048	No significant ($p\ge \alpha$)
	Adult	7.561*	0.006	0.082	Negligible ($0<V\le 0.1$)
Family ASD	Toddler	0.192	0.661	0.014	No significant ($p\ge \alpha$)
	Child	0.113	0.736	0.015	No significant ($p\ge \alpha$)
	Adolescent	0.031	0.860	0.011	No significant ($p\ge \alpha$)
	Adult	25.947*	0.000	0.152	Low association ($0.1<V\le .3$)
Ethnicity	Toddler	43.571*	0.000	0.203	Low association ($0.1<V\le 0.3$)
	Child	17.841*	0.022	0.187	Low association ($0.1<V\le 0.3$)
	Adolescent	29.174*	0.000	0.343	Moderate association ($0.3<V\le 0.5$)
	Adult	121.831*	0.000	0.330	Moderate association ($0.3<V\le 0.5$)

*Significant at 5% level, i.e., $\alpha =0.05$