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. 2020 Dec 4;26(3):623–642. doi: 10.1007/s10741-020-10038-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Schematic representation of sodium and calcium ion balance in the cardiomyocyte. Figure 2a: Ion balance in a healthy heart. Figure 2b: Abnormal calcium and sodium balance as a consequence of heart failure and type 2 diabetes Abbreviations: Ca²⁺-calcium; K⁺-potassium; LTCa-L-type calcium channel; Na⁺ -sodium; Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase-sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase pump; NCX-sodium-calcium exchanger; NHE-1-sodium-hydrogen exchanger subtype-1; PLB-phospholamban; ROS-reactive oxygen species; RyR2-ryanodine receptor 2; SERCA2a- sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium adenosine triphosphatase subtype 2a; SGLT-1-sodium-glucose cotransporter subtype 1; Blue spheres: calcium ions; Orange cubes: sodium ions; Green sphere: glucose molecule: Pink hexagon: potassium ion