Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of of the study groups.
| Variables | DCMMOD | p | DCMSEV | p | Healthy control | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Etiology | Idiopathic | Ischemic | Idiopathic | Ischemic | |||
| n | 40 | 46 | 15 | 14 | 44 | ||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age (years) | 67.6 ± 9.4 | 68.0 ± 8.3 | NS | 66.5 ± 8.4 | 68.7 ± 8.4 | NS | 39.1 ± 12.8 |
| Sex (male, %) | 70.0 | 76.1 | NS | 60.0 | 92.9 | 0.045 | 52.3 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 124.1 ± 21.0 | 125.0 ± 14.5 | NS | 113.8 ± 17.5 | 118.7 ± 11.3 | NS | 114.4 ± 8.6 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 71.7 ± 6.8 | 72.2 ± 11.1 | NS | 73.1 ± 10.6 | 70.8 ± 9.8 | NS | 74.4 ± 8.1 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m) | 71.0 ± 13.3 | 65.1 ± 12.9 | 0.014 | 67.1 ± 5.4 | 68.0 ± 11.5 | NS | 63.7 ± 11.4 |
| LBBB (%) | 15 | 8.7 | NS | 33.3 | 14.3 | NS | 0 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.4 ± 5.6 | 29.1 ± 4.4 | NS | 28.0 ± 5.3 | 27.5 ± 3.7 | NS | 24.0 ± 3.5 |
| Diabetes Mellitus (%) | 40 | 46.7 | NS | 26.7 | 71.4 | 0.019 | 0 |
| Smoking habit (%) | 40 | 47.8 | NS | 73 | 69.2 | NS | 0 |
| II-III NYHA functional class (%) | 12.5 | 10.9 | NS | 20 | 35.7 | NS | 0 |
| Medications | |||||||
| ACE I (%) | 42.5 | 41.3 | NS | 60 | 35.7 | NS | 0 |
| Antiplatelet (%) | 37.5 | 30.4 | NS | 26.7 | 42.9 | NS | 0 |
| ARA II (%) | 33.3 | 41.3 | NS | 55 | 71.4 | 0.047 | 0 |
| Beta-blocker (%) | 65 | 71.7 | NS | 100 | 100 | NS | 0 |
| Statin (%) | 22.5 | 32.6 | NS | 33.3 | 28.6 | NS | 29.5 |
| Echocardiography | |||||||
| LVEF (%) | 39.0 ± 4.5 | 36.7 ± 4.0 | 0.020 | 24.1 ± 4.4 | 25.7 ± 3.6 | NS | 66.2 ± 5.2 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 63.1 ± 4.1 | 63.3 ± 6.2 | NS | 60.5 ± 5.4 | 60.4 ± 5.8 | NS | 46.2 ± 4.9 |
| LVESD (mm) | 45.8 ± 14.0 | 46.1 ± 13.5 | NS | 54.6 ± 5.4 | 42.9 ± 18.6 | NS | 28.4 ± 5.8 |
| Right ventricle (mm) | 37 ± 8.5 | 33.4 ± 7.3 | 0.024 | 37.9 ± 11.7 | 34.9 ± 7.2 | NS | 27.2 ± 4.0 |
| MAPSE | 11 ± 2.3 | 10.9 ± 2.1 | NS | 1 ± 3.2 | 9.5 ± 2.0 | NS | 18.9 ± 2.2 |
| TAPSE | 20 ± 4.7 | 19.8 ± 4.7 | NS | 19. 2 ± 6.3 | 19.5 ± 3.6 | NS | 21.4 ± 3.3 |
| Aortic root (mm) | 33.9 ± 5.0 | 33.2 ± 4.8 | NS | 30. 3 ± 6.2 | 32.2 ± 3.5 | NS | – |
| E/e’ ratio | 15.2 ± 6.8 | 15.1 ± 6.5 | NS | 15.2 ± 8.1 | 16.9 ± 8.7 | NS | 7.5 ± 1.7 |
| Left Atrium (mm) | 46.7 ± 9.2 | 44.3 ± 7.7 | NS | 41.1 ± 8.2 | 45.1 ± 7.3 | NS | 35.8 ± 8.3 |
| Sphericity index | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.047 | 0.9 ± 0.27 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.032 | 0.5 ± 0.1 |
Data presented as mean ± SD for continuous variables and as percentage for categorical variables. NS, no significant. Abbreviations: ACE I, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARA II, angiotensin II receptor antagonist; b.p.m, beats per minute; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DCMMOD, dilated cardiomyopathy with ejection fraction ≥ 31–49%; DCMSEV, dilated cardiomyopathy with ejection fraction ≤ 30%; E/e’, ratio of mitral early diastolic flow velocity over tissue Doppler lateral mitral annular lengthening velocity; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LVEDD, left ventricle end-diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; LVESD, left ventricle end-systolic diameter; MAPSE, mitral annular plane systolic excursion; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.