Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics.
| BD-II N = 18 |
UD N = 23 |
HC N = 24 |
ANOVA/chi-square BD-II vs. UD. vs. HC |
t-test/chi-square BD-II vs. UD |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (number females) | 13 | 18 | 16 | χ2 = 0.79, p = 0.67 | na |
| Age (years) | 24.65 (0.98) | 25.28 (1.48) | 25.89 (1.44) | F(2,62) = 0.19, p = 0.83 | t(39) = − 0.33, p = 0.74 |
| IQ (NART) | 109.41 (1.37 | 112.3 (1.3) | 108.9 (1.4) | F(2,62) = 2.07, p = 0.14 | t(39) = − 1.57, p = 0.12 |
| Current depressive episode duration (in weeks) | 14.94 (4.74) | 14.48 (4.28) | na | na | t(39) = 0.07, p = 0.94 |
| Number of lifetime mood episodes | 8.44 (1.44) | 6.04 (0.95) | na | na | t(39) = 1.44, p = 0.16 |
| Number of lifetime episodes of depression | 5.72 (1.5) | 6.04 (0.95) | na | na | t(39) = − 0.19, p = 0.85 |
| Number of lifetime episodes of hypomania | 2.72 (0.4) | na | na | na | na |
| Depression onset (years of age) | 17.06 (0.8) | 19.04 (1.6) | na | na | t(39) = − 1.04, p = 0.3 |
| Hypo/mania onset (years of age) | 21.7 (0.9) | na | na | na | na |
| Illness duration (years) | 7.76 (0.81) | 6.23 (0.92) | na | na | t(39) = 1.21, p = 0.23 |
| Past-week depression severity (HRSD-25) | 27.78 (1.51) | 21.52 (1.08) | 1.25 (0.27) | F(2,62) = 196.86, p < 0.001 | t(39) = 3.46, p < 0.001 |
| Past-week hypo/mania severity (YMRS) | 3.39 (0.6) | 1.83 (0.33) | 0.38 (0.16) | F(2,62) = 16.23, p < 0.001 | t(39) = 2.41, p = 0.02 |
| Lifetime depression (MOODS-SR) | 22.33 (0.4) | 20.26 (0.6) | 1 (0.29) | F(2,62) = 680.79, p < 0.001 | t(39) = 2.69, p = 0.01 |
| Lifetime hypo/mania (MOODS-SR) | 18.33 (0.82) | 9.17 (1.24) | 4.38 (0.8) | F(2,62) = 47.23, p < 0.001 | t(39) = 5.81, p < 0.001 |
| Mean total medication load | 1.72 (0.25) | 1.04 (0.26) | na | na | t(39) = 1.82, p = 0.08 |
| Mean number of psychotropic medications | 1.39 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.17) | na | na | t(39) = 2.64, p = 0.01 |
| Number of participants taking Antidepressants | 12 | 11 | na | na | χ2 = 1.5, p = 0.23 |
| Number of participants taking Mood stabilizers | 5 | 0 | na | na | χ2 = 7.3, p = 0.007 |
| Number of participants taking Antipsychotics | 0 | 0 | na | na | na |
| Number of participants taking Benzodiazepines | 5 | 2 | na | na | χ2 = 2.6, p = 0.1 |
| Number of participants taking Stimulants | 1 | 0 | na | na | χ2 = 1.3, p = 0.25 |
| Number of participants taking 1 psychotropic medication | 6 | 6 | na | na | χ2 = 0.3, p = 0.6 |
| Number of participants taking 2 psychotropic medication | 8 | 5 | na | na | χ2 = 2.4, p = 0.1 |
| Number of participants taking 3 psychotropic medication | 1 | 0 | na | na | χ2 = 1.3, p = 0.25 |
The table reports the mean and standard error of mean (SE) in parenthesis.