Table 3.
Child, Family, and Injury Characteristics by Latent Class
| Latent class (LC) |
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LC 1 |
LC 2 |
LC 3 |
LC 4 |
pa | |
| (n = 150) | (n = 162) | (n = 75) | (n = 46) | ||
| Child and family characteristics | |||||
| Age at injury, n (%) | 0.78 | ||||
| 31 months to 5 years | 54 (36%) | 53 (33%) | 21 (28%) | 18 (39%) | |
| 6-11 years | 47 (31%) | 57 (35%) | 29 (39%) | 12 (26%) | |
| 12-15 years | 49 (33%) | 52 (32%) | 25 (33%) | 16 (35%) | |
| Child sex: Girl, n (%) | 64 (43%) | 52 (32%) | 24 (32%) | 13 (28%) | 0.13 |
| Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 37 (25%) | 37 (23%) | 26 (35%) | 15 (33%) | 0.18 |
| Income below poverty level, n (%) | 46 (33%) | 29 (19%) | 21 (31%) | 12 (32%) | 0.05 |
| Problematic family function, n (%) | 19 (13%) | 25 (15%) | 9 (12%) | 8 (17%) | 0.76 |
| Social capital index, mean (SD) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.5 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.4 (1.0) | 0.67 |
| Injury characteristics | |||||
| Seizures pre-hospital or ED, n (%) | 4 (3%) | 8 (5%) | 8 (11%) | 7 (15%) | 0.01 |
| Sedated at time of ED GCS, n (%) | 13 (9%) | 18 (11%) | 50 (67%) | 37 (80%) | <0.001 |
| NMB at time of GCSb, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (2%) | 43 (57%) | 34 (74%) | <0.001 |
| Max non-head AIS ≥3, n (%) | 20 (13%) | 14 (9%) | 19 (25%) | 18 (39%) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation (in hospital), n (%) | 4 (3%) | 4 (2%) | 57 (76%) | 45 (98%) | <0.001 |
| Any intracranial procedure, n (%) | 2 (1%) | 12 (7%) | 15 (20%) | 16 (35%) | <0.001 |
| ICP monitor placed, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (5%) | 28 (61%) | <0.001 |
| Hospital LOS, median (IQR) | 0 (0, 2) | 2 (1, 3) | 5 (3, 9) | 17 (10, 21) | <0.001 |
a
p values evaluate the overall association between each characteristic and the latent class.
b
All children who received NMB at time of GCS also received sedation at time of GCS.
SD, standard deviation; ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; NMB, neuromuscular blockade; AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; ICP, intracranial pressure monitoring; LOS, length of stay; IQR, interquartile range.