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. 2021 Apr 6;12:2060. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22123-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Simulations near the ductal root in larger, less constrained branches (e.g., bottom) are characterized by a steady, neutral evolution, consistently acquiring new clones that coexist for extended time periods. A smaller tumor originating in a smaller, more constrained branches far from the ductal root (e.g., top) enables an accelerated evolution with clonal sweeping. Levels of selection may be highly heterogeneous between patients, due to the location of tumor initiation.