. 2021 Apr 6;11:7558. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87040-1

Table 3.

Cytokine at baseline, 1, 4, and 12 weeks in patients in ESWT and placebo.

Cytokine (pg/mg of creatinine)	Placebo (N = 11)				ESWT (N = 13)				P value^c	P value^d
	Cytokine		Cytokine change		Cytokine		Cytokine change
	Mean (95% CI)	P value^a	Mean (95% CI)	P value^b	Mean (95% CI)	P value^a	Mean (95% CI)	P value^b
IL-1RA
Baseline	7.9 (0.1, 15.7)				14.8 (− 4.2, 33.9)				0.493
Wk 1	5.3 (1.1, 9.5)	0.685	− 4.3 (− 12.0, 3.5)	0.424	35.4 (− 26.2, 96.9)	0.305	20.6 (− 22.1, 63.2)	1.000		0.298
Wk 4	8.6 (2.7, 14.5)	0.921	0.7 (− 5.3, 6.6)	0.898	19.0 (− 3.3, 41.3)	0.936	3.4 (− 2.3, 9.1)	1.000		0.458
Wk 12	20.4 (− 14.7, 55.5)	0.015*	9.8 (− 12.8, 32.4)	0.079	40.7 (− 35.7, 117.0)	0.141	24.8 (− 28.6, 78.2)	1.000		0.632
IL-4
Baseline	0.5 (0.0, 1.0)				0.5 (0.1, 0.9)				0.972
Wk 1	0.5 (0.0, 1.1)	0.629	− 0.1 (− 0.7, 0.6)	0.772	0.3 (0.1, 0.5)	0.301	− 0.2 (− 0.6, 0.1)	0.138		0.577
Wk 4	0.9 (0.1, 1.7)	0.028*	0.4 (− 0.0, 0.9)	0.195	0.5 (0.1, 1.0)	0.776	− 0.0 (− 0.3, 0.2)	0.895		0.054
Wk 12	0.8 (− 0.2, 1.7)	0.760	0.0 (− 1.1, 1.1)	0.697	0.9 (0.2, 1.6)	< 0.0001****	0.3 (0.1, 0.6)	0.079		0.419
IL-6
Baseline	0.2 (0.1, 0.2)				0.2 (0.1, 0.2)				0.685
Wk 1	0.2 (0.1, 0.3)	0.834	− 0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1)	0.967	0.2 (0.1, 0.4)	0.241	0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1)	0.461		0.609
Wk 4	0.3 (− 0.1, 0.7)	0.214	0.2 (− 0.2, 0.6)	0.223	0.2 (0.1, 0.3)	0.746	0.0 (− 0.0, 0.1)	0.643		0.418
Wk 12	0.1 (0.0, 0.3)	0.462	0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1)	0.260	0.2 (0.2, 0.3)	0.168	0.1 (0.0, 0.1)	0.043*		0.087
IL-8
Baseline	1.3 (− 0.4, 2.9)				1.1 (− 0.1, 2.2)				0.812
Wk 1	0.3 (0.1, 0.4)	0.775	− 1.3 (− 3.3, 0.7)	0.662	2.8 (− 1.0, 6.6)	0.035*	1.8 (− 1.1, 4.6)	0.093		0.087
Wk 4	4.9 (− 4.5, 14.2)	0.302	3.6 (− 6.1, 13.3)	0.292	1.3 (− 0.2, 2.8)	0.970	0.2 (− 0.1, 0.5)	0.925		0.408
Wk 12	1.3 (− 1.1, 3.7)	0.988	0.6 (− 1.6, 2.8)	0.976	1.5 (− 1.0, 4.0)	0.928	0.3 (− 1.0, 1.7)	0.978		0.794
IL-9
Baseline	0.2 (0.1, 0.3)				0.4 (0.2, 0.5)				0.179
Wk 1	0.2 (0.1, 0.3)	0.255	− 0.0 (− 0.2, 0.1)	0.478	0.5 (0.2, 0.7)	0.005**	0.1 (− 0.1, 0.3)	0.304		0.190
Wk 4	0.2 (0.2, 0.2)	0.322	− 0.0 (− 0.1, 0.0)	0.546	0.5 (0.3, 0.8)	0.002***	0.2 (− 0.0, 0.4)	0.054		0.039*
Wk 12	0.2 (0.0, 0.3)	0.070	− 0.0 (− 0.2, 0.2)	0.409	0.4 (0.3, 0.5)	0.478	0.0 (− 0.1, 0.2)	0.885		0.635
IL-10
Baseline	0.3 (0.1, 0.4)				0.3 (0.2, 0.4)				0.864
Wk 1	0.3 (0.1, 0.4)	0.930	− 0.0 (− 0.3, 0.2)	1.000	0.3 (0.1, 0.5)	0.572	0.1 (− 0.2, 0.3)	0.523		0.591
Wk 4	0.3 (0.2, 0.4)	0.221	0.1 (− 0.0, 0.2)	1.000	0.3 (0.2, 0.5)	0.557	0.1 (− 0.0, 0.2)	0.619		0.693
Wk 12	0.3 (0.0, 0.6)	0.896	0.0 (− 0.3, 0.4)	1.000	0.5 (0.3, 0.7)	0.003***	0.3 (0.1, 0.4)	0.020*		0.087
IL-15
Baseline	0.3 (0.2, 0.5)				0.3 (0.2, 0.4)				0.928
Wk 1	0.3 (0.2, 0.5)	0.902	− 0.0 (− 0.2, 0.2)	0.877	0.4 (0.2, 0.5)	0.722	0.0 (− 0.1, 0.2)	0.674		0.702
Wk 4	0.4 (0.2, 0.5)	0.543	0.0 (− 0.1, 0.2)	0.704	0.4 (0.2, 0.6)	0.345	0.1 (− 0.0, 0.3)	0.372		0.334
Wk 12	0.3 (0.1, 0.6)	0.402	− 0.0 (− 0.3, 0.3)	0.693	0.5 (0.3, 0.8)	0.003***	0.3 (0.1, 0.5)	0.024*		0.065
FGF2
Baseline	3.7 (0.7, 6.8)				3.7 (1.6, 5.7)				0.956
Wk 1	2.5 (1.4, 3.7)	0.126	− 1.3 (− 4.6, 1.9)	0.209	4.6 (1.6, 7.7)	0.556	1.0 (− 2.6, 4.6)	0.539		0.315
Wk 4	4.3 (2.6, 6.0)	0.275	0.5 (− 1.4, 2.5)	0.891	4.0 (1.8, 6.2)	0.909	1.3 (− 0.7, 3.3)	0.840		0.568
Wk 12	3.3 (0.7, 5.9)	0.476	− 0.4 (− 4.4, 3.7)	0.561	5.7 (2.2, 9.1)	0.091	3.1 (0.3, 5.9)	0.207		0.092
G-CSF
Baseline	0.8 (0.4, 1.2)				1.0 (0.2, 1.7)				0.781
Wk 1	0.7 (0.2, 1.2)	0.467	− 0.3 (− 0.8, 0.2)	0.394	0.8 (0.4, 1.2)	0.710	− 0.2 (− 1.0, 0.7)	0.717		0.785
Wk 4	1.7 (0.3, 3.1)	0.061	0.8 (− 0.4, 2.1)	0.109	1.3 (0.2, 2.4)	0.398	0.4 (− 0.9, 1.6)	0.554		0.464
Wk 12	0.9 (0.1, 1.8)	0.193	− 0.1 (− 1.2, 0.9)	0.108	1.5 (0.7, 2.3)	0.094	0.5 (− 0.2, 1.2)	0.510		0.252
Flt3
Baseline	0.8 (0.4, 1.3)				0.8 (0.3, 1.3)				0.963
Wk 1	0.9 (0.4, 1.5)	0.635	− 0.1 (− 0.5, 0.3)	0.460	0.9 (0.4, 1.3)	0.224	0.0 (− 0.2, 0.3)	0.761		0.539
Wk 4	1.0 (0.3, 1.6)	0.355	0.1 (− 0.3, 0.5)	0.789	1.0 (0.4, 1.6)	< 0.0001****	0.2 (− 0.2, 0.5)	0.271		0.814
Wk 12	1.3 (0.3, 2.3)	0.313	0.1 (− 0.6, 0.8)	0.898	1.0 (0.4, 1.6)	0.005**	0.1 (− 0.3, 0.5)	0.505		0.986
Fractalkine
Baseline	8.1 (2.8, 13.4)				7.0 (3.3, 10.7)				0.708
Wk 1	7.9 (4.3, 11.6)	0.705	− 1.0 (− 6.8, 4.8)	0.668	6.9 (2.5, 11.2)	0.946	− 0.2 (− 6.0, 5.6)	0.949		0.827
Wk 4	10.0 (5.2, 14.7)	0.316	1.9 (− 3.7, 7.5)	0.468	6.1 (3.3, 8.9)	0.647	0.2 (− 3.5, 3.9)	0.634		0.568
Wk 12	6.6 (− 0.1, 13.3)	0.115	− 2.3 (− 6.5, 2.0)	0.584	8.4 (4.1, 12.7)	0.391	2.6 (− 2.0, 7.2)	0.582		0.097
IFNα2
Baseline	0.9 (0.3, 1.5)				1.2 (0.5, 2.0)				0.512
Wk 1	0.7 (0.4, 1.1)	0.678	− 0.2 (− 1.0, 0.5)	0.237	1.1 (0.4, 1.8)	0.835	− 0.1 (− 1.2, 1.0)	1.000		0.866
Wk 4	1.7 (0.7, 2.7)	0.046*	0.8 (− 0.3, 1.9)	0.245	1.0 (0.5, 1.4)	0.608	− 0.0 (− 0.8, 0.7)	1.000		0.171
Wk 12	0.9 (0.1, 1.8)	0.561	− 0.0 (− 1.0, 0.9)	0.312	1.4 (0.6, 2.1)	0.475	0.4 (− 0.6, 1.3)	1.000		0.533
GRO
Baseline	1.2 (0.3, 2.0)				0.9 (0.4, 1.5)				0.595
Wk 1	0.8 (0.3, 1.4)	0.233	− 0.6 (− 1.3, 0.1)	0.230	0.8 (0.3, 1.4)	0.842	− 0.1 (− 0.7, 0.5)	0.830		0.236
Wk 4	1.7 (0.2, 3.2)	0.183	0.5 (− 0.8, 1.9)	0.326	1.4 (0.1, 2.7)	0.214	0.5 (− 0.7, 1.6)	0.319		0.921
Wk 12	1.4 (0.1, 2.6)	0.051	− 0.3 (− 1.3, 0.7)	0.110	1.5 (0.6, 2.4)	0.156	0.5 (− 0.1, 1.0)	0.406		0.074
MCP-1
Baseline	23.6 (11.3, 36.0)				26.1 (15.2, 36.9)				0.744
Wk 1	26.1 (11.7, 40.4)	0.693	1.1 (− 14.8, 16.9)	0.383	28.4 (8.4, 48.3)	0.726	2.3 (− 13.5, 18.1)	0.770		0.906
Wk 4	18.1 (11.6, 24.6)	0.216	− 5.5 (− 14.7, 3.7)	0.835	30.2 (9.6, 50.7)	0.569	2.3 (− 12.4, 17.1)	0.655		0.330
Wk 12	16.8 (3.4, 30.3)	0.718	− 2.3 (− 20.9, 16.3)	0.857	25.1 (14.1, 36.1)	0.978	− 3.5 (− 17.1, 10.2)	0.711		0.906
MCP-3
Baseline	1.3 (0.4, 2.2)				1.3 (0.7, 2.0)				0.873
Wk 1	1.0 (0.6, 1.4)	0.432	− 0.3 (− 1.4, 0.7)	0.464	1.4 (0.6, 2.3)	0.864	0.1 (− 1.0, 1.2)	0.853		0.541
Wk 4	1.6 (1.0, 2.1)	0.125	0.3 (− 0.4, 1.0)	0.466	1.4 (0.7, 2.2)	0.823	0.4 (− 0.3, 1.0)	0.783		0.892
Wk 12	1.3 (0.3, 2.3)	0.662	− 0.1 (− 1.5, 1.4)	0.866	2.1 (0.9, 3.2)	0.033*	1.0 (0.1, 1.9)	0.130		0.122
VEGF
Baseline	1.1 (0.5, 1.7)				1.5 (0.6, 2.3)				0.429
Wk 1	1.5 (0.7, 2.4)	0.519	0.3 (− 0.4, 1.0)	0.539	1.1 (0.7, 1.5)	0.413	− 0.4 (− 1.3, 0.5)	0.415		0.241
Wk 4	2.3 (1.1, 3.4)	0.004***	1.2 (0.3, 2.1)	0.015*	1.2 (0.4, 2.0)	0.276	− 0.5 (− 1.3, 0.7)	0.394		0.013*
Wk 12	1.6 (0.4, 2.9)	0.960	0.3 (− 1.3, 1.9)	0.856	1.8 (0.9, 2.6)	0.231	0.2 (− 0.8, 1.2)	0.744		0.870
Eotaxin
Baseline	0.8 (0.4, 1.3)				0.9 (0.6, 1.3)				0.694
Wk 1	0.9 (0.2, 1.5)	0.958	− 0.1 (− 1.0, 0.9)	1.000	0.9 (0.5, 1.4)	0.990	0.0 (− 0.5, 0.5)	0.989		0.896
Wk 4	1.1 (0.8, 1.4)	0.464	0.2 (− 0.3, 0.8)	1.000	1.1 (0.7, 1.6)	0.421	0.3 (− 0.1, 0.7)	0.452		0.908
Wk 12	1.0 (0.1, 1.9)	0.829	0.3 (− 0.8, 1.3)	1.000	1.4 (0.9, 1.9)	< 0.0001****	0.6 (0.3, 0.9)	0.030*		0.401
RANTES
Baseline	0.6 (0.3, 0.9)				0.7 (0.3, 1.1)				0.619
Wk 1	0.7 (0.3, 1.0)	0.980	− 0.0 (− 0.4, 0.4)	0.999	0.5 (0.3, 0.7)	0.322	− 0.2 (− 0.6, 0.2)	0.335		0.493
Wk 4	5.4 (− 4.9, 15.7)	0.176	4.8 (− 5.5, 15.1)	0.176	0.8 (0.4, 1.2)	0.471	0.1 (− 0.3, 0.5)	0.650		0.285
Wk 12	0.7 (0.1, 1.4)	0.937	0.3 (− 0.4, 0.9)	0.880	0.9 (0.5, 1.2)	0.624	0.2 (− 0.2, 0.5)	0.722		0.738
TNF-β
Baseline	0.2 (0.1, 0.3)				0.2 (0.1, 0.3)				0.921
Wk 1	0.1 (0.1, 0.2)	0.532	− 0.0 (− 0.2, 0.1)	0.578	0.2 (0.1, 0.4)	0.529	0.1 (− 0.1, 0.2)	0.505		0.422
Wk 4	0.2 (0.1, 0.3)	0.504	0.0 (− 0.1, 0.1)	0.803	0.2 (0.1, 0.4)	0.544	0.1 (− 0.1, 0.2)	0.570		0.329
Wk 12	0.2 (0.0, 0.3)	0.543	− 0.0 (− 0.2, 0.2)	0.700	0.3 (0.2, 0.4)	0.105	0.2 (0.0, 0.3)	0.146		0.082

Values are presented as mean (95% CI).

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005, ****P < 0.0001.

^aGeneralized estimating equation compared with baseline.

^bCytokine change compared with baseline (generalized estimating equation).

^cComparison between baseline of ESWT and placebo (generalized estimating equation).

^dComparison between corresponding time point of cytokine change of ESWT and placebo (generalized estimating equation).