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. 2021 Apr 6;12:2041. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22308-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic representation of the pET28a-Luc and pET28a-ClyA-Luc construct, and western blot analysis of ClyA-none (CN), Luc, and ClyA-Luc (CL) expression in E. coli Rosetta (DE3), and OMVs derived from the bacteria. b In vitro bioluminescence images to demonstrate luciferase enzyme activity following expression in Rosetta (DE3) and OMVs. c Schematic representation of the pET28a-ClyA-OVA-3HA construct, and western blot analysis of 3× HA-tagged ClyA-OVA (ClyA-OVA-3HA, CO-3HA) expression in E. coli Rosetta (DE3) and OMVs. pET28a-ClyA-OVA-3HA was the expression plasmid, and IPTG was the expression inducer. d TEM image and DLS analysis of ClyA-OVA OMVs (CO OMVs). Scale bar, 100 nm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.