Fig. 5. Dual-tumor antigen (OVA_257–264 and OVA_223–339) display by catcher-decorated OMVs triggers CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell-mediated synthetic anti-tumor immunity.

SpT-OTI and SnT-OTII were displayed either singly (CC-SpT-OTI OMVs or CC-SnT-OTII OMVs) or simultaneously (CC-SpT-OTI/SnT-OTII OMVs) by CC OMVs. Mixed formulations (SpT-OTI + CN OMVs, SnT-OTII + CN OMVs, and SpT-OTI + SnT-OTII + CN OMVs) were used as controls. OTI: OVA_257–264, OTII: OVA_223–339. a, b Lungs were collected on day 17 at the end of the treatment period and photographed (a); the tumor nodules were counted (b). c, d IFNγ secretion by splenocytes isolated from the various treatment groups was determined by the ELISPOT assay after re-stimulation of the cells with OVA_257–264 and OVA_223–339 (c). Quantitative data derived from the ELISPOT assays are shown in (d). e, f Flow cytometry analysis of IFNγ⁺ cells in the CD3⁺CD8⁺ T-cell subpopulation (e) or the CD3⁺CD4⁺ T-cell subpopulation (f) in splenocytes re-stimulated with OVA_257–264 and OVA_223–339 antigens. The data (b, d–f) are shown as mean ± SD (n = 4). Statistical analysis was performed by a two-tailed unpaired t test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.