Fig. 6. Dual-tumor antigen (OVA_257–264 and TRP2_180–188) display by catcher-decorated OMVs stimulates CD8⁺ T-cell-mediated, synergistic immune therapeutic effects.

SpT-OTI and SnT-TRP2 were displayed either singly (CC-SpT-OTI OMVs or CC-SnT-TRP2 OMVs) or simultaneously (CC-SpT-OTI/SnT-TRP2 OMVs) by CC OMVs. Mixed formulations (SpT-OTI + CN OMVs, SnT-TRP2 + CN OMVs, and SpT-OTI + SnT-TRP2 + CN OMVs) were used as controls. a, b Lungs were collected on day 17 at the end of the treatment period and photographed (a); the tumor nodules were counted (b). c, d IFNγ secretion by splenocytes isolated from the various treatment groups was determined by the ELISPOT assay after re-stimulation of the cells with OVA_257–264 and TRP2_180–188 (c). Quantitative data derived from the ELISPOT assays are shown in (d). e Flow cytometry analysis of IFNγ⁺ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in splenocytes isolated from the various treatment groups and re-stimulated with OVA_257–264 and TRP2_180–188 antigens. Data are presented as the percentage of IFNγ⁺ cells in the CD3⁺CD8⁺ T-cell subpopulation. The data (b, e (n = 6), d (n = 5)) are shown as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed by a two-tailed unpaired t test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.