. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020 Oct 7:S1064-7481(20)30503-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.09.021

Table 1:

Hierarchical regression analyses of association between functional disability and GSIS total and subscale scores

	Age (β)	blGSIS^a (β)	blWHODAS (β)	ΔWHODAS (β)	ΔF(df)	ΔR²

ΔGSIS Total
(baseline range = 40-152, M = 73.52, SD = 22.64; ΔGSIS Total range = −41-11, M = −10.18, SD = 11.04, t(64) = −7.44^***)
Step 1	−.107				0.73 (1,63)	.011
Step 2	−.106	−.075			0.36 (1,62)	.006
Step 3	−.230	−.171	.326^*		5.51 (1,61)^*	.081
Step 4	−.212	−.251^*	.445^**	.362^**	8.74 (1,60)^**	.115
					F(4,60) = 4.06^**, R² = .213
ΔSuicide Ideation
(baseline range = 10-49, M = 20.23, SD = 8.07; ΔSuicide Ideation range = −15-8, M = −2.92, SD = 4.37, t(64) = −5.40^***)
Step 1	−.055				0.19 (1,63)	.003
Step 2	−.053	−.282^*			5.37 (1,62)^*	.079
Step 3	−.135	−.343^**	.214		2.45 (1,61)	.035
Step 4	−.121	−.400^**	.302^*	.272^*	4.75 (1,60)^*	.065
					F(4,60) = 3.35^*, R² = .183
ΔPerceived Meaning
(baseline range = 8-38, M = 20.14, SD = 5.17; ΔPerceived Meaning range = −16-7, M = −2.31, SD = 4.17, t(64) = −4.46^***)
Step 1	−.016				.02 (1,63)	.000
Step 2	−.010	−.149			1.40 (1,62)	.022
Step 3	−.152	−.232	.378^**		8.12 (1,61)^**	.115
Step 4	−.137	−.276^*	.450^**	.238	3.69 (1,60)	.050
					F(4,60) = 3.45^*, R² = .187
ΔLoss of Worth
(baseline range = 8-34, M = 20.20, SD = 5.19; ΔLoss of Worth range = −15-4,M = −3.66, SD = 3.96, t(64) = −7.46^***)
Step 1	−.146				1.38 (1,63)	.021
Step 2	−.165	−.283^*			5.49 (1,62)^*	.080
Step 3	−.316^*	−.401^**	.370^**		7.88 (1,61)^**	.103
Step 4	−.296^*	-	.481^***	.394^**	12.79 (1,60)^**	.140
		.450^***
					F(4,60) = 7.86^***, R² = .344
ΔDeath Ideation
(baseline range = 5-25, M = 11.20, SD = 5.69; ΔDeath Ideation range = −11-4, M = −1.12, SD = 2.79, t(64) = −3.24^**)
Step 1	−.082				0.42 (1,63)	.007
Step 2	−.067	−.230			3.47 (1,62)	.053
Step 3	−.174	−.298^*	.291^*		4.72 (1,61)^*	.068
Step 4	−.164	−.338^*	.340^*	.150	1.35 (1,60)	.019
					F(4,60) = 2.57^*, R² = .146

Note. Statistics for final, full model are presented below the change statistics for each hierarchical step. For tests of significance of βs, Step 1 df = 63, Step 2 df = 62, Step 3 df = 61, and Step 4 df = 60. “bl” = baseline; “Δ” = change, “β” = standardized beta parameter.

“blGSIS” refers to the baseline level of whichever scale or subscale is being used as the outcome.

p < .05

^**

p < .01

^***

p < .001