Table 2.

Admission characteristics of 84 patients with COVID-19 infection and cirrhosis, stratified by whether or not they developed ACLF

Characteristics	Cirrhosis [N = 84]
	No ACLF [n = 52]	ACLF [n = 32]	p
Vital signs
Systolic blood pressure < 90 mHg	3 [5.8]	2 [6.3]	0.93
Temperature > 38 °C	5 [9.6]	6 [18.8]	0.32
Heart rate > 90 bpm	29 [55.8]	16 [50]	0.61
Respiratory rate > 20 bpm	14 [26.9]	14 [43.8]	0.11
SpO2 < 90%	5 [9.6]	7 [21.9]	0.19
SpO2 < 80%	1 [1.9]	2 [6.3]	0.55
Leukocytes < 4 or > 12 [× 109/L]	22 [42.3]	6 [18.8]	0.03
Sex			0.47
Male	34 [65.4]	24 [75.0]
Female	18 [34.6]	8 [25.0]
Age [years]	67 [57–73]	72 [67–78]	0.04
Race			0.02
White	15 [28.9]	14 [43.8]
Black	7 [13.5]	9 [28.1]
Asian	2 [3.8]	3 [9.4]
Other/multiracial	27 [51.9]	6 [18.8]
Unknown	1 [1.9]	0 [0.0]
Ethnicity			0.02
Non-Hispanic or Latino	28 [53.8]	26 [81.3]
Hispanic or Latino	20 [38.5]	4 [12.5]
Other or unknown	4 [7.7]	2 [6.3]
Esophageal varices	16[30.8]	9[28.1]	0.80
Ascites	16[30.8]	12[37.5]	0.52
Co-morbid conditions
Hypertension	30 [57.7]	27 [84.4]	0.01
Diabetes mellitus	28 [53.8]	16 [50.0]	0.73
Coronary artery disease	3 [5.8]	5 [15.6]	0.14
Chronic kidney diseasea	0 [0.0]	8 [25.0]	< 0.001
Heart failure	4 [7.7]	6 [18.8]	0.13
Malignancy	10 [19.2]	4 [12.5]	0.42
COPD	6 [11.5]	6 [18.8]	0.36
Body mass index [kg/m2]b  < 30  ≥ 30	27 [25–31] 29 [76.3] 9 [23.7]	27 [24–31] 16 [59.3] 11 [40.7]	0.94 0.178
Etiology
NAFLD	17 [32.7]	12 [37.5]	0.65
Hepatitis C	15 [28.8]	8 [25.0]	0.80
Alcohol-related liver disease	14 [26.9]	4 [12.5]	0.17
Hepatitis B	0 [0.0]	3 [9.4]	0.052
Otherc	6 [11.5]	5 [15.6]	0.74
Laboratory measurements [first within 48 h]b
MELD score	11 [9–14]	18 [14–23]	< 0.001
Child–Turcotte–Pugh score			0.21
CTP A	26 (50)	10 (31.3)
CTP B	22 (56.4)	17 (53.1)
CTP C	4 (7.7)	5 (15.6)
Creatinine [mg/dL]	0.8 [0.7–1.1]	1.8 [1.3–2.7]	< 0.001
INR	1.3 [1.2–1.5]	1.4 [1.2–2.0]	0.57
Bilirubin [mg/dL]	1.0 [0.7–1.8]	1.1 [0.4–2.5]	0.77
Albumin [g/dL]	3.2 [2.5–3.5]	2.7 [2.3–3.5]	0.19
AST [IU/L]	56 [43–101]	75 [42–116]	0.39
ALT [IU/L]	32 [24–52]	35 [22–65]	0.70
Alkaline phosphatase [IU/L]	119 [82–177]	124 [80–200]	0.62
Leukocytes [× 109/L]	5.1 [3.6–7.8]	7.1 [6.0–9.3]	0.005
Hemoglobin [g/dL]	12.7 [10.7–14.8]	10.8 [9.4–13.2]	0.01
Platelets [× 109/L]	112 [60–149]	129 [97–232]	0.02
Lymphocyte count [× 109/L]	0.72 [0.41–1.18]	0.74 [0.49–1.25]	0.16
Lactate [mmol/L]	2.1 [1.5–2.7]	2.6 [1.6–4.1]	0.25
Ferritin [μg/L]	272 [102–1113]	459 [308–1297]	0.18
LDH [U/L]	323 [271–423]	378 [313–473]	0.15
D-Dimer [ng/mL]	606 [340–1744]	800 [429–2499]	0.54
CRP [mg/L]	4.5 [1.8–7.5]	9.0 [5.7–14.6]	0.001
Procalcitonin [ng/mL]	0.2 [0.1–0.5]	0.7 [0.3–1.5]	0.006

Data are presented as n [%] for categorical variables and median [IQR] for continuous variables

ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP C-reactive protein, INR international normalized ratio, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, MELD model for end-stage liver disease, NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

^aPatients with chronic kidney disease stage V [end-stage renal disease dependent on hemodialysis] were excluded from the study population

^bMissing data for some patients: body mass index [n = 45], MELD score [n = 40], INR [n = 40], lactate [n = 106], ferritin [n = 53], lactate dehydrogenase [n = 72], D-dimer [n = 77], CRP [n = 46], and procalcitonin [n = 56]

^cConsisted of: autoimmune hepatitis [n = 5: 2 without cirrhosis, 2 with cirrhosis without ACLF, and 1 with cirrhosis and ACLF], primary biliary cholangitis [n = 2: 1 without cirrhosis and 1 with cirrhosis without ACLF], cardiac cirrhosis [n = 3 with cirrhosis: 1 without ACLF and 2 with ACLF], cryptogenic cirrhosis [n = 3 with cirrhosis: 1 without ACLF and 2 with ACLF], and secondary biliary cirrhosis [n = 1 with cirrhosis without ACLF]