Table 3.

Multiple regression model including prior knowledge, intrinsic motivation, and overall learning outcome.

Variable	Estimate	Standard error	t-value	p-value
Model 1
Intercept	−0.45	0.42	−1.10	0.276
Annotations	1.00	0.62	1.62	0.110
Prior knowledge	0.51	0.11	4.69	<0.001***
Intrinsic motivation	0.53	0.20	2.73	0.008
Model 2
Intercept	−0.42	0.39	−1.06	0.295
Annotations	1.01	0.59	1.73	0.090
Prior knowledge	0.47	0.11	4.57	<0.001***
Intrinsic motivation	0.97	0.25	3.90	<0.001***
Motivation*Annotations	−0.98	0.37	−2.65	0.011*

^***p < 0.001,

^*p < 0.05. Model 1: ${\text{R}}_{\text{adj}}^2$ = 0.36 F_{(3, 57)} = 12.20, p < 0.001; Model 2: ${\text{R}}_{\text{adj}}^2$ = 0.42, F_{(4, 56)} = 11.86, p < 0.001.