Table 2.
Measures of “hot” and “cold” cognitive processes (means and standard deviations) by group.
|
Control group n = 35 |
Recreational group n = 27 |
Treatment-seeking group n = 20 |
Statistic, p-value, effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| “Hot” cognition | ||||
| Impulsivity | ||||
| Discounting task | ||||
| Delay (area under the curve) | 4631.54 (2181.80) | 4641.78 (2010.98) | 3738.42 (1805.34) | F(2,64) = 1.13, p = 0.33, η2 = 0.03 |
| Probability (area under the curve) | 934.41 (317.68) | 852.00 (275.44) | 1035.56 (351.36) | F(2,64) = 2.53, p = 0.09, η2 = 0.07 |
| Risk-taking | ||||
| New Cambridge Gamble Task | ||||
| Risk adjustment (reward) | 2.54 (0.68) | 2.00 (0.90) | 1.79 (0.98) | F(2,64) = 2.05, p = 0.14, η2 = 0.06 |
| Risk adjustment (loss) | 2.54 (0.76) | 1.87 (1.08) | 2.14 (0.80) | F(2, 64) = 3.59, p = 0.03, η2 = 0.10 |
| “Cold” cognition | ||||
| Memory | ||||
| Paired Associates Learning | ||||
| Total errors | 12.88 (8.89) | 23.08 (19.46) | 64.58 (61.57) | F(2, 65) = 7.46, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.19 |
| Total trials | 9.12 (2.28) | 12.20 (5.23) | 17.37 (6.10) | F(2, 65) = 4.31, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.12 |
| First trial memory score | 28.85 (6.31) | 26.28 (7.71) | 19.00 (6.91) | F(2,65) = 2.75, p = 0.07, η2 = 0.08 |
| Attention | ||||
| Rapid Visual Information Processing | ||||
| A” | 0.95 (0.04) | 0.92 (0.05) | 0.89 (0.7) | F(2,61) = 1.69, p = 0.19, η2 = 0.05 |
| Executive functions | ||||
| Spatial Working Memory | ||||
| Between errors | 14.21 (12.08) | 22.96 (13.45) | 32.11 (24.13) | F(2,64) = 1.78, p = 0.18, η2 = 0.05 |
| Strategy | 18.79 (5.11) | 20.21 (6.07) | 23.84 (7.23) | F(2,64) = 0.10, p = 0.90, η2 = 0.003 |
| Stop Signal Task | ||||
| Direction errors | 1.64 (2.22) | 2.29 (3.54) | 1.76 (1.99) | F(2,61) = 1.39, p = 0.26, η2 = 0.04 |
| Proportion of successful stops | 0.49 (0.10) | 0.48 (0.10) | 0.52 (0.07) | F(2,61) = 0.73, p = 0.49, η2 = 0.02 |
| Reaction time on Go trials (median) | 461.03 (174.39) | 476.33 (145.35) | 517.38 (141.66) | F(2,61) = 0.23, p = 0.77, η2 = 0.01 |
| Stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) | 163.65 (39.94) | 162.91 (32.50) | 194.59 (51.66) | F(2, 61) = 4.32, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.12 |
Analyses are controlling for age, IQ (NART), alcohol and cannabis use severity (AUDIT, CUDIT), nicotine dependence (FTND), trait anxiety (STAI-Trait), depression (BDI-II), childhood adversity (CTQ), impulsivity (BIS-11), and sensation seeking (SSS-V). Bold indicates p < 0.05.