Table 1.
Summary table of included studies.
| References | N | Study population | Surgical procedure | Valve type | 4D flow Parameters | Main findings | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AVR | ARR | WSS | PV | FD/FA | Flow pattern | |||||
| Kamada et al. (46) | 10 | BAV & TAV Aortic stenosis | + | Mechanical | + | mAVR reduced Flow Angle and helicity density in the ascending aorta. | ||||
| Bollache et al. (47) | 53 | BAV & TAV aortopathy | + | + | Mechanical, bioprosthetic, valve-sparing | + | Peak WSS reduced after mAVR but increased in ARR distal to the graft. | |||
| Bissell et al. (48) | 90 | BAV | + | Mechanical, bioprosthetic, Ross | + | + | + | + | Abnormal flow pattern in all after bAVR but only 27% after mAVR. | |
| Farag et al. (49) | 35 | BAV | + | Mechanical (bileaflet) | + | + | Mean WSS after mAVR is greater than healthy control but similar to native BAV. | |||
| Von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff et al. (50) | 47 | BAV & TAV | + | Mechanical, bioprosthetic, Ross | + | + | AVR resulted in asymmetrical flow and WSS compared to Ross and control. | |||
| Keller et al. (51) | 20 | BAV & TAV aortopathy | + | + | Mechanical | + | Reduction in abnormal flow patterns after mechanical ARR. | |||
| Collins et al. (52) | 37 | BAV & TAV aortopathy | + | + | Bioprosthetic, valve-sparing | + | + | Lower PV and improved flow pattern with valve-sparing ARR. | ||
| Condemi et al. (53) | 1 | BAV aortopathy | + | Valve-sparing | + | + | Reduced helicity but marked increase in velocity after ARR. | |||
| Stephens et al. (54) | 24 | BAV aortopathy | + | Valve-sparing | + | + | After ARR, Type 1 (R-L) had higher WSS compared to Type 0 BAV. | |||
| Allen et al. (55) | 1 | BAV aortopathy | + | Valve-sparing | + | + | Greatly increased PV after valve-sparing ARR. | |||
| Semaan et al. (56) | 33 | BAV & TAV aortopathy | + | Valve-sparing | + | + | Higher PV after ARR in bicuspid patients. Improved flow pattern after ARR in all. | |||
| Oechtering et al. (57) | 36 | BAV & TAV aortopathy | + | Valve-sparing | + | Altered flow patterns after ARR due to altered aortic geometry. | ||||
| Gaudino et al. (58) | 30 | BAV & TAV aortopathy | + | Valve-sparing | + | + | Neosinus reconstruction resulted in physiologic vortices and reduced WSS. | |||
| Oechtering et al. (59) | 30 | BAV & TAV aortopathy | + | Valve-sparing | + | + | Similar sinus vortex pattern to healthy controls with valve-sparing sinus prosthesis. | |||
AVR, aortic valve replacement; ARR, aortic root replacement; WSS, wall shear stress; PV, peak velocity; FD, flow displacement; FA, flow angle; BAV, bicuspid aortic valve; TAV, tricuspid aortic valve; mAVR, mechanical aortic valve replacement; bAVR, bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement.