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. 2021 Mar 24;12:649794. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649794

Table 2.

Effects of 16 weeks of non-exercise or high-intensity interval training.

Non-PCOS HIT PCOS Non-Ex PCOS HIT Between PCOS group difference
(group x time interaction)
Between HIT group difference
(group x time interaction)
Estimate (CI) P Estimate (CI) P Estimate (CI) P Estimate (CI) P Estimate (CI) P
Body weight
(kg)
−1.52
(−2.88 to −0.17)
0.028 −2.19
(−3.35 to −1.03)
<0.001 −0.44
(−1.36 to 0.49)
0.35 1.75
(0.27 to 3.24)
0.021 −1.09
(−2.73 to 0.55)
0.19
BMI
(kg/m2)
−0.54
(−1.00 to 0.06)
0.029 −0.79
(−1.20 to −0.37)
<0.001 −0.20
(−0.53 to 0.13)
0.13 0.58
(0.06 to 1.11)
0.031 −0.34
(−0.92 to 0.25)
0.25
FFM
(kg)
0.32
(−0.36 to 1.00)
0.35 −0.28
(−0.86 to 0.30)
0.33 −0.09
(−0.55 to 0.37)
0.70 0.19
(−0.55 to 0.93)
0.60 0.41
(−0.41 to 1.23)
0.32
Body fat percentage
(%)
−0.46
(−1.60 to 0.69)
0.43 −1.03
(−2.01 to −0.05)
0.04 −0.29
(−1.07 to 0.49)
0.47 0.74
(−0.51 to 1.99)
0.24 −0.19
(−1.58 to 1.20)
0.79
Waist circumference
(cm)
−0.62
(−4.11 to 2.88)
0.73 −0.89
(−3.72 to 1.95)
0.53 −2.96
(−5.19 to −0.72)
0.011 −2.07
(−5.65 to 1.52)
0.25 2.35
(−1.81 to 6.51)
0.26
Hip circumference
(cm)
−0.46
(−3.05 to 2.14)
0.73 −0.49
(−2.59 to 1.61)
0.64 −0.64
(−2.30 to 1.02)
0.44 −0.15
(−2.82 to 2.51)
0.91 0.15
(−2.93 to 3.24)
0.92
Waist/Hip Ratio −0.00
(−0.03 to 0.03)
0.92 −0.01
(−0.04 to 0.01)
0.20 −0.03
(−0.04 to −0.01)
0.007 −0.01
(−0.04 to 0.02)
0.47 0.02
(−0.01 to 0.06)
0.15
HbA1c
(mmol/mol)
0.67
(−0.80 to 2.15)
0.37 0.43
(−0.69 to 1.55)
0.45 1.75
(0.81 to 2.68)
<0.001 1.32
(−0.10 to 2.73)
0.07 −1.12
(−2.88 to 0.63)
0.21
VO2peak
(mL/min/kg)
2.20
(0.76 to 3.65)
0.003 0.35
(−0.85 to 1.55)
0.56 1.41
(0.43 to 2.39)
0.006 1.06
(−0.48 to 2.59)
0.17 0.81
(−0.94 to 2.56)
0.36
VO2peak
(L/min)
0.13
(0.02 to 0.23)
0.016 −0.06
(−0.15 to 0.02)
0.15 0.11
(0.04 to 0.18)
0.002 0.17
(0.06 to 0.28)
0.002 0.01
(−0.10 to 0.14)
0.82
Glucose
(mmol/L)
0.10
(−0.13 to 0.32)
0.38 −0.09
(−0.26 to 0.08)
0.30 −0.11
(−0.25 to 0.03)
0.11 −0.03
(−0.24 to 0.19)
0.81 0.20
(−0.06 to 0.47)
0.13
Insulin
(pmol/L)
−11.5
(−41.3 to 18.3)
0.44 −25.1
(−47.2 to −3.0)
0.026 −13.6
(−31.6 to 4.4)
0.14 11.5
(−16.5 to 39.4)
0.42 4.1
(−30.8 to 39.1)
0.81
HOMA-IR −0.35
(−1.72 to 1.01)
0.61 −1.10
(−2.11 to −0.10)
0.032 −0.66
(−1.48 to 0.16)
0.11 0.44
(−0.83 to 1.71)
0.49 0.39
(−1.21 to 1.99)
0.63

Estimated mean difference from baseline values(95% confidence interval) based on linear mixed models.

PCOS, Polycystic ovary syndrome; CI, Confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; FFM, Fat free mass; VO2peak, peak oxygen uptake; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Statistically significant P-values are in bold.