Table 2.

Testing the mediation effects of family functioning on internalizing problems.

Outcome variables	Independent variables	β	SE	t	p	LLCI	ULCI
Internalizing problems	Constant	−0.30	0.06	−4.85	<0.001	−0.42	−0.18
	Family functioning	−0.45	0.01	−55.87	<0.001	−0.47	−0.43
	CO: age	0.06	0.60	0.10	0.924	−1.12	1.24
	CO: gender	0.08	0.02	4.94	<0.001	0.05	0.11
	CO: grade	0.08	0.01	5.63	<0.001	0.05	0.10
	CO: SES	−0.01	0.01	−4.17	<0.001	−0.02	−0.01
PYD	Constant	0.28	0.06	4.67	<0.001	0.16	0.39
	Family functioning	0.54	0.01	70.53	<0.001	0.53	0.56
	CO: age	0.54	0.57	0.04	0.349	−0.59	1.66
	CO: gender	−0.09	0.02	−6.11	<0.001	−0.12	−0.06
	CO: grade	−0.04	0.01	−3.56	<0.001	−0.06	−0.02
	CO: SES	0.01	0.01	4.18	<0.001	0.01	0.02
Internalizing problems	Constant	−0.20	0.06	−3.48	<0.001	−0.32	−0.09
	Family functioning	−0.26	0.01	−28.70	<0.001	−0.27	−0.24
	PYD	−0.35	0.01	−38.76	<0.001	−0.37	−0.34
	CO: age	0.25	0.57	0.43	0.664	−0.87	2.36
	CO: gender	0.05	0.02	3.07	<0.01	0.01	0.08
	CO: grade	0.06	0.01	4.71	<0.001	0.03	0.08
	CO: SES	−0.01	0.01	−2.93	<0.01	−0.02	−0.01

n = 11,865; the β values are standardized coefficients. CO, control variable; LLCI, low limit of confidence interval; ULCI, upper limit of confidence interval; PYD, positive youth development.