Table 2.

Multimorbidity Latent Classes in 1998 and 2014.

	1998 (N = 17,297)		2014 (N = 6,944)
Number of Classes	BIC	VLMR LR χ², df (p)	BIC	VLMR LR χ², df (p)
1	121548.00	–	58440.431	–
2	117987.536	3409.668, 9 (< 0.001)	57133.955	1216.451, 9 (<0.001)
3	117818.965	257.036, 9 (< 0.001)	57030.059	150.501, 9 (< 0.001)
Disease	Class in 1998	Conditional probability (p)	Class in 2014	Conditional probability (p)
Hypertension	MINIMAL	0.12 (0.309)	CV-MSK	0.43 (<0.001)
Diabetes	DISEASE	0.03 (0.084)		0.08 (0.005)
Cancer		0.08 (<0.001)		0.22 (<0.001)
Lung disease		0.05 (<0.001)		0.09 (<0.001)
Heart disease		0.07 (<0.001)		0.17 (<0.001)
Stroke		0.01 (0.274)		0.03 (0.001)
Arthritis		0.36 (<0.001)		0.66 (<0.001)
Depressive symptoms		0.09 (<0.001)		0.06 (<0.001)
Hypertension	CV-MSK	0.75 (<0.001)	CV-MSK-METAB	0.92 (<0.001)
Diabetes		0.18 (0.005)		0.42 (<0.001)
Cancer		0.10 (<0.001)		0.20 (<0.001)
Lung disease		0.02 (0.324)		0.04 (0.267)
Heart disease		0.19 (0.001)		0.32 (<0.001)
Stroke		0.06 (0.05)		0.10 (<0.001)
Arthritis		0.52 (<0.001)		0.73 (<0.001)
Depressive symptoms		0.12 (<0.001)		0.05 (<0.001)
Hypertension	CV-MSK-MENTAL	0.71 (<0.001)	MULTISYSTEM	0.92 (<0.001)
Diabetes		0.29 (<0.001)		0.40 (<0.001)
Cancer		0.17 (<0.001)		0.27 (<0.001)
Lung disease		0.26 (<0.001)		0.32 (<0.001)
Heart disease		0.60 (<0.001)		0.70 (<0.001)
Stroke		0.19 (<0.001)		0.24 (<0.001)
Arthritis		0.80 (<0.001)		0.95 (<0.001)
Depressive symptoms		0.36 (<0.001)		0.28 (<0.001)

Abbreviations: BIC = Bayesian Information Criteria, VLMR LR = Vuong-Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test, df = degrees of freedom; CV-MSK = Cardiovascular-Musculoskeletal; CV-MSK-MENTAL = Cardiovascular-Musculoskeletal-Mental; CV-MSK-METAB = Cardiovascular-Musculoskeletal-Metabolic. Notes: p-values based on bootstrapped VLMR test, which is supported by simulation work showing better performance at class comparison test and was used without complex sampling design adjustments because these are not available for these tests.