Table 1.
Examples of ADE-mediated virus infections and the impact on subsequent cellular pathways and cytokine expression.
| Virus family (Genus) | Examples (Disease) | Cell examples - intracellular events post-ADE: cytokines impacted | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Togaviridae (Alphaviridae) | Ross River (RRV) - (Lethargy, Myalgia, Polyarthritis) |
Monocyte, Macrophage (RAW 264) - Post ADE suppression of TNF, NOS2, IFN-β, IP-10 expression via IRF-1, NF-κB, STAT-1 complex (ISGF3, AAF) ablation; Increased IL-10 expression (mRNA, Protein); Sp1 elevated |
(37) (36) |
| Flaviviridae (Flavivirus) | Dengue - (Fever, Shock, Myalgia, Hemorrhage) |
Monocyte, Macrophage - Post ADE suppression of IL-12, IFN-γ TNF; Increased IL-6, IL-10 (0-5 days p.i) with pSTAT-1, IRF-1 impacted; Increased IL-10 expression SOCS3, Syk-regulated; Early NOS2 via RLR-MAVS (without IFN); Autophagy role (ATG5) in IFN restriction; Early Syk - ERK1/2 IL-1β stimulation independent of DEN replication. Mast cell/Basophil - Post-ADE (72 hrs) significant increases for IL-1β, IL-6, not GM-CSF |
(47) (40) (39) (42) (41) (38) (48) |
| Arteriviridae (Arterivirus) | * Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) - (Abortion, Respiratory disease in pigs) |
Alveolar macrophage - ADE-mediating viral epitopes mapped to N and GP5 proteins; ADE via FcγRI, FcγRIIb, FcγRIII; IFN-α, TNF-α expression decreased; IL-10 increased (mRNA, protein); IRF-1 IRF-3, NF-κB disrupted |
(43) (45) (46) (44) |
| Filoviridae (Ebolavirus) | Ebola (Hemorrhage, Shock) |
Granulocyte blasts (K562 cells)
FcγRII, C1q-mediated ADE (via CR); FcγRIIa signaling via Src family protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs); Endosome uptake (phago-pinocytosis), Src phosphorylation |
(49) (50) (51) |
| Coronaviridae (Beta-coronavirus) | SARS-CoV (1, 2) (Acute respiratory disease, Post-acute long-term fatigue) |
Monocyte/Macrophage (THP-1;
CD68±/CD14± PBMC) - FcγRII required (intracellular domain); ADE infection achieved, but abortive in the longer term; IFN-α/β, MCP-1, IP-10, TNF, MIP-1 mRNA expression not altered post-ADE (1–72 h p.i.) |
(52) (53) (54) |
Virus details - NCBI Taxonomy Browser (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi).
*
Recently suggested nomenclature - Beta-arterivirus suid 1.