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. 2021 Mar 24;12:649394. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.649394

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Copyright © 2021 Spengler, Petraglia, Roberts, Ashastina, Kistler, Mueller and Boivin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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From top left: (1) Photo of horses consuming wild apples in the Tien Shan apple forests of Kazakhstan, photo taken by Artur Stroscherer and Martin Stuchtey. (2) Yaks grazing in Tibet have significant ecological impacts, photo by lead author. (3) Giraffes near the Olduvai Camp in Tanzania browsing on Acacia trees, photo taken by Yiming Wang. (4) Bison in Missouri on a heavily grazed field of herbaceous annuals, most of which are well adapted to heavy herbivory and disturbed ecosystems, photo by lead author.