Table 2.

Other pathologies associated with sodium channels.

Genes	Pathological conditions	Pathology description	Inheritance pattern	References
SCN1A	Familial hemiplegic migraine-3 (FHM3)	This disorder involves severe headache triggered by sensory disturbances like flash of light, noise, etc. In FHM3, the migraine occurs with intense weakness of half of the body.	Autosomal dominant	(20)
SCN2A	Episodic ataxia, type 9	A disorder characterized my poor muscular coordination, pain, dizziness, sluggishness, poor speech, and difficulty with movement of the limbs	Autosomal dominant	(21, 22)
SCN4A	Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, type 2	A pathologic condition involving intense bilateral weakness and loss of muscle tone as a result of elevated levels of serum potassium	Autosomal dominant	(23, 24)
	Paramyotonia congenital	Individuals with this disorder experience skeletal muscle rigidity due to inability of the myocytes to relax appropriately after contraction. It is often induced by cold or exercise and begins at an early age.	Autosomal dominant	(24)
	Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome 16	A disorder characterized with severe muscle weakness, bulbar palsy, developmental delay and respiratory issues. It arises due to aberrant signal transmission at junctions where neurons interact with muscles.	Autosomal recessive	(16, 25)
	Hypokalemic periodic paralysis, type 2	A pathologic condition involving intense bilateral weakness as a result of reduced levels of serum potassium.	Autosomal dominant	(15, 26)
SCN5A	Brugada syndrome (type 1) SCN1B causes Brugada syndrome (type 5)	This disorder causes unexpected death, often in adults. It is caused by irregular contraction of the heart ventricules	Autosomal dominant	(18, 27)
	Sick sinus syndrome 1	A condition that occurs both in the elderly and in infants (congenitally). It is characterized by very slow heart beats, fainting and fatigue.	Autosomal recessive	(28)
	Long QT syndrome 3	A condition marked by arrthmia, seizures, and/or fainting. Physiologically, it occurs when repolarisation of the heat myocytes is dysfunctional, resulting in excessively fast heart beats. A common trigger is exercise.	Autosomal dominant	(18)
	Sudden infant death syndrome	A condition characterized by sponstaneous, unexplained death of a child during their 1st year of life, especially during sleep.	Autosomal recessive	(19)
	Cardiomyopathy, dilated with conduction disorder, type 1E	A progressive disorder of the heart characterized by heart enlargement, shrt breath, and failure to pump blood effectively.	Autosomal dominant	(29)
	Atrial fibrillation (type 10) SCN1B causes Atrial fibrillation (type 13)	This disorder is more prevalent in older adults. It is marked by atrial tarchycardia and arrhythmia.	Autosomal dominant	(17, 30)
SCN8A	Cognitive impairment with or without cerebellar ataxia	Children with this disorder manifest intellectual delay and developmental delay.	Autosomal dominant	(31)
SCN9A	Primary Erythermalgia	This condition is marked by inflammation of the extremeties (hands and feet), with burning sensations, pain, swelling and redness after exposure to stress or exercise. It may begin from infancy and progress till adulthood. It is a peripheral nervous system disorder.	Autosomal dominant	(32)
	Congenital insensitivity to pain and Hereditary, Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy(HSAN), Type IID	Persons with this condition suffer from hereditary sensory and autonomic disorder that makes them unable to sense pain and heat/cold sensations. It begins from infancy and affects other autonomic functions.	Autosomal recessive	(33, 34)
	Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD)	PEPD is associated with painful stooling or urination and flushing of the skin. The disorder is inherited.	Autosomal dominant	(35)
	Small fiber neuropathy and neuropathic pain	Adults with this condition suffer extreme pain and or itchiness in their extremities (hands and feet), due to certain triggers like heat. It's a disorder that affects the peripheral nerves.	Autosomal dominant	(36)