Table 2. Surgical characteristics, secondary endpoints (except physiological parameters) and follow-up of the study population.
| Total (n=50) | BKP Group (n=25) | PS Group (n=25) | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fractured vertebrae, n | 61 | 29 | 32 | ||
| Number of fractured vertebrae, mean ± SD [range] | 1.2±0.5 [1–3] | 1.2±0.5 [1–3] | 1.3±0.5 [1–3] | −0.1690 to 0.4090 | 0.408 |
| Number of surgically approached vertebrae, mean ± SD [range] | 3.4±2.1 [1–8] | 1.6±0.9 [1–3] | 5.2±1.1 [3–8] | 2.933–4.107 | <0.001 |
| Pedicle screws inserted, n | 200 | 0 | 200 | ||
| Extent of instrumentation for single-level fractures, n [%] | |||||
| Short fixation (one level above and below index level) | 1 [2] | 1 [4] | |||
| Short fixation (two level above and one below index level) | 4 [8] | 4 [16] | |||
| Long fixation (two levels above and below index level) | 12 [24] | 12 [48] | |||
| Other, n [%] | 2 [4] | 2 [8] | |||
| Cement augmentation of pedicle screws, n [%] | 21 [42] | 21 [84] | |||
| Vertebral body augmentation with BKP, n [%] | 47 [94] | 25 [100] | 22 [88] | ||
| Single-staged | 48 [96] | 25 [100] | 23 [92] | ||
| Two-staged | 2 [4] | 0 [0] | 2 [8] | ||
| Protective vertebroplasty of unfractured adjacent vertebrae, n [%] | 12 [24] | 7 [28] | 5 [20] | 0.508 | |
| Resident involved (teaching case), n [%] | 39 [78] | 19 [76] | 20 [80] | 0.733 | |
| Intraoperative complications, n [%] | 0 [0] | 0 [0] | 0 [0] | 1.000 | |
| Cement leakage | 18 [36] | 7 [28] | 11 [44] | 0.196 | |
| Intraspinal | 2 [4] | 2 [8] | 0 [0] | 0.490 | |
| Ventral or lateral confined to level | 14 [28] | 5 [20] | 9 [36] | 0.208 | |
| Ventral or lateral >1 level | 1 [2] | 0 [0] | 1 [4] | 1.000‡ | |
| Adjacent disc space | 1 [2] | 0 [0] | 1 [4] | 1.000‡ | |
| Surgical time (min)†, mean ± SD [range] | 108.5±70.2 [23–274] | 52±32.9 [23–165] | 164.9±48.4 [51–274] | 89.344–136.416 | <0.001 |
| Surgical time (min) per level approached, mean ± SD [range] | 32.4±9.5 [15–60] | 32.7±10.5 [15–60] | 32.2±8.5 [17–54.8] | −5.928 to 4.960 | 0.859 |
| Length of stay (days), mean ± SD [range] | 5.6±3 [1- 16] | 4.3±2.5 [1–10] | 7±2.9 [3–16] | 1.149–4.211 | 0.001 |
| Opioid use at discharge, n [%] | 34 [68] | 13 [52] | 21 [84] | 0.015 | |
| 30-day readmission rate, n [%] | 3 [6] | 2 [8] | 1 [4] | 1.000‡ | |
| Surgical site infections during follow-up, n [%] | 0 [0] | 0 [0] | 0 [0] | ||
| Follow-up (months), mean ± SD [range] | 8.4±11.8 [1–56.4] | 8±13.4 [1–56.4] | 8.8±10.2 [1.3–43.6] | −6.0165 to 7.5045 | 0.826 |
| Opioid use at 3-month follow-up, n [%] | 7 [14] | 3 [12] | 4 [16] | 1.000‡ | |
| NRS (0-10) at 3-month follow-up, mean ± SD [range] | 2.4±1.8 [0–5.5] | 2.6±1.9 [0–5.5] | 2.2±1.8 [0–5.5] | −1.4522 to 0.6522 | 0.448 |
| Subsequent fractures within 3-month follow-up, n [%] | 20 [40] | 11 [44] | 9 [36] | 0.564 |
†, surgical times were summarized for two-staged procedures in 2 patients in the PS group. ‡, P value from Fisher’s Exact test. CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation.