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. 2021 Apr 1;184(7):1706–1723.e24. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.040

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© 2021 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Population genetic structure as revealed by haplotype analysis of modern Panamanian and IA populations

(A) fineSTRUCTURE unrooted dendrogram showing the 19 identified Indigenous clusters and the geographic distributions of the individuals in the nearly unadmixed IA (uIA217) dataset.

(B) Violin plot showing cluster self-copy lengths (fragments copied from members of their own cluster) in the uIA217 dataset; higher values are for more isolated groups.

(C) Density of the intrapopulation average total length of shared IBD blocks, considering nine bins of IBD lengths in the Panamanian and non-Panamanian Indigenous groups of the uIA217 dataset. The inset shows the estimation of changes in effective population size (Ne) over time based on IBD segments with a minimum threshold of 2 cM (even if estimates older than ∼1,000 years should be considered with caution) and considering a generation time of 25 years.