Table 2.
Characteristics of hospitalized children with PIV-associated respiratory illness compared to other-viral and virus-negative respiratory illness
| PIV only* (n = 96) No. (%) |
Other virus, not PIV (n = 2413) No. (%) |
No virus (n = 534) No. (%) |
p-value+ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female sex | 39 (40.6) | 954 (39.5) | 209 (39.1) | 0.960 |
| Median age, months (IQR) | 4.2 (1.7–10.8) | 3.8 (1.8–8.5) | 2.3 (1.1–7.6) | < 0.001 |
| Age group | ||||
| < 6 months | 54 (56.3) | 1544 (64.0) | 382 (71.5) | 0.001 |
| 6 to < 12 months | 19 (19.8) | 499 (20.7) | 79 (14.8) | |
| 12 to < 24 months | 23 (24.0) | 370 (15.3) | 73 (13.7) | |
| Received influenza vaccine | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.21) | 1 (0.2) | 0.264 |
| Breastfed | 78 (81.3) | 2034 (84.3) | 453 (84.8) | 0.674 |
| Any underlying medical conditiona | 12 (12.5) | 269 (11.2) | 75 (14.0) | 0.164 |
| Asthma/reactive airway disease | 1 (1.0) | 65 (2.7) | 10 (1.9) | 0.285 |
| Household smoke exposure | 74 (77.1) | 1851 (76.7) | 406 (76.0) | 0.939 |
| Symptom duration prior to admission | 3 (1.5–4) | 3 (2–5) | 2 (1–3) | 0.002 |
| Antibiotics during hospitalization | 89 (92.7) | 2193 (90.9) | 489 (91.6) | 0.746 |
| Clinical presentation | ||||
| Fever/feverishb | 60 (62.5) | 1279 (53.0) | 347 (65.0) | < 0.001 |
| Coughb | 68 (70.8) | 1990 (82.5) | 207 (38.8) | < 0.001 |
| Shortness of breathb | 48 (50.0) | 1543 (64.0) | 172 (32.2) | < 0.001 |
| Flaring/Retractionsc | 32 (33.3) | 1099 (45.5) | 121 (22.7) | < 0.001 |
| Retractions, onlyc | 5 (5.2) | 240 (10.0) | 30 (5.6) | 0.003 |
| Wheezingc | 51 (53.1) | 1455 (60.3) | 189 (35.4) | < 0.001 |
| Admission diagnosis | ||||
| Reactive airway disease | 4 (4.2) | 123 (5.1) | 14 (2.6) | 0.047 |
| Bronchiolitis | 10 (10.4) | 483 (20.0) | 31 (5.8) | < 0.001 |
| Bronchopneumonia | 34 (35.4) | 818 (33.9) | 121 (22.7) | < 0.001 |
| Croup | 2 (2.1) | 6 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0.005 |
| Febrile seizure | 5 (5.2) | 47 (2.0) | 28 (5.2) | < 0.001 |
| Pneumonia | 14 (14.6) | 338 (14.0) | 34 (6.4) | < 0.001 |
| Pneumonitis | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.04) | 1 (0.19) | 0.477 |
| Pertussis-like cough | 6 (6.3) | 182 (7.5) | 22 (4.1) | 0.018 |
| Rule-out sepsis | 27 (28.1) | 559 (23.2) | 282 (52.8) | < 0.001 |
| Classified as LRTI | 68 (70.8) | 1878 (77.8) | 230 (43.1) | < 0.001 |
| Chest radiograph | ||||
| Abnormal | 60/90 (66.7) | 1734/2302 (75.3) | 203/454 (44.7) | < 0.001 |
| Required supplemental oxygen | 22 (22.9) | 829/2384 (34.8) | 122/532 (22.9) | < 0.001 |
| Required ICU admission | 6 (6.3) | 205 (8.5) | 62 (11.6) | 0.048 |
| Required mechanical ventilation | 3 (3.1) | 82/2383 (3.4) | 22/532 (4.1) | 0.717 |
| Length of stay (days), median (IQR) | 5 (3–8) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (3–8) | 0.154 |
| Death | 0 (0.0) | 21 (1.0) | 9 (2.0) | 0.140 |
* One child with both PIV 3 and PIV 4 serotypes is included in the PIV only group
+ p < 0.05 considered statistically significant, indicated by bold text
a UMC defined as at least one of the following: diabetes, heart disease, Down syndrome, kidney disease, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, cancer, genetic/metabolic, cerebral palsy, neurological, mental retardation/developmental delay, seizure disorder, chronic diarrhea (eg, > 2 weeks), gastroesophageal reflux disease, immunodeficiency, asthma/reactive airway disease, liver disease
b Reported by parent/legal guardian
c Collected through clinical exam