Figure 3.

Cytotoxic effect and induction of apoptosis by fluorinated MDHPs. a) Depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential was confirmed by JC‐1 assay. b) Cytotoxic effect of polypeptides was evaluated by MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Quantification of c) Intracellular relative ROS level and d) GSH level (%) to verify intracellular oxidative condition. e) Cells were stained with Annexin V‐FITC and PI for apoptosis assay and analyzed by flow cytometry. f) Quantification of apoptosis rate. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, unpaired Student's t‐test.