Table 7.

Summary of studies on the PDAC‐tailored nanomaterials for ablative therapies

Ablative Therapy	Nanocarriers	Polymers/Macromolecules	Active Components	Targeting Ligands	Exogenous Radiation	Cell Lines	In vivo Model	Outcome	Ref
PDT	HSA NPs	HSA	Pheophorbide‐a (P@), GEM	–	670 nm laser, 10 mW cm–2	BxPC‐3 cells	BxPC‐3‐LN7 subcutaneous tumor model	Selective accumulation of NPs within the primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes, enhance therapeutic effect toward cancer with lymphatic metastases	[ 224 ]
PDT	Polymeric NPs	PEI and PEG	Chlorin e6 (Ce6)	–	670 nm laser, 800 mW cm–2	AsPC‐1 cells, ABCG2‐overexpressing Miapaca‐2 cells	AsPC‐1 orthotopic/subcutaneous tumor model	Enhance intracellular Ce6 concentration and the PDT effect, reduce tumor volume	[ 227 ]
PTT	HSA‐paclitaxel@ liposomes	FAP‐α responsive cleavable amphiphilic peptide, DPPC	IR‐780 iodide	–	808 nm laser, 0.8 W cm–2	Panc‐02 cells, NIH3T3 cells	Panc‐02/NIH3T3 subcutaneous tumor model, Panc‐02 orthotopic tumor model	Promote the release of small sized HSA‐paclitaxel in deep tumor regions, enhance combined chemotherapy with PTT	[ 229 ]
PTT	Au NPs	Polymeric GEM‐ mono‐2‐methacyloyloxy ethyl succinate prodrug	Au NPs, GEM	–	640 nm laser, 1.4 W cm–2	Miapaca‐2 cells	–	Enhance thermal effect, synergistic photochemotherapeutic activity and significant cytotoxicity	[ 231 ]
PTT	Au NRs	Erythrocyte membrane	Au NRs, CPA	–	808 nm laser, 0.75 W cm–2	Capan‐2 cells	Capan‐2 subcutaneous tumor model	Significant shrinkage of Capan‐2 tumor xenografts	[ 232 ]
PTT	MSNs@Au nanoshell	PEG	Au nanoshell	Anti‐uPAR antibody	808 nm laser, 2 W cm–2	Panc‐1 cells, SW1990 cells	SW1990 orthotopic tumor model	Eradicate tumor cells, achieve tumor metastasis inhibition and cancer immunotherapy	[ 233 ]
PTT	Rod MSNs@Au nanoshell	Tf‐PEG	Au nanoshell, GEM	Tf	808 nm laser, 0.5 W cm–2	Miapaca‐2 cells	Miapaca‐2 subcutaneous tumor model	Improve GEM penetration and accumulation in tumor tissues	[ 234 ]
PTT	GQDs	Cationic polylactides with pendant tertiary amine groups	GQDs, DOX, siKRAS	–	650 nm laser, 0.2 W cm–2	Miapaca‐2 cells	–	Keep stable in physiologically mimicking media, promote KRAS downregulation activity, enhance bioactivity inhibition and anticancer activity	[ 179 ]
PTT	Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNs)	PEG	MWCNs	–	808 nm laser, 2 W cm–2	Panc‐1 cells	–	Promote cellular damage in PDAC cells via the apoptotic pathway	[ 236 ]
PTT	Au‐GO	Zwitterionic chitosan	Au‐GO, DOX	–	808 nm laser, 3 W cm–2	Panc‐1 cells, Miapaca‐2 cells	Panc‐1 subcutaneous tumor model	Increase tumor uptake, enhance antitumor treatment, reduce toxicity	[ 237 ]
MH	Iron oxide NPs	Dimercapto‐succnic acid (DMSA)	Iron oxide NPs, GEM	Pseudopeptide NucAnt (N6L)	Alternating magnetic field (AMF to 43 °C)	BxPC3 cells, Panc‐1 cells	BxPC3 subcutaneous tumor model	Inhibit PDAC cell growth, induce PDAC cell death, reduce proliferation	[ 240 ]
MH	Iron oxide NPs	PLGA	Iron oxide NPs, 17‐ N‐allylamino‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG)	–	25 kOe AMF	Miapaca‐2 cells	–	Facilitate anti‐PDAC activity	[ 242 ]
MH	Iron oxide NPs, cetuximab‐conjugated, GEM‐containing magnetic albumin nanospheres (C225‐GEM/MANs)	BSA	Iron oxide NPs, GEM	Cetuximab	230 kHz AMF	AsPC‐1 cells, Miapaca‐2 cells	–	Increase apoptosis, enhance double‐targeted thermo‐chemotherapy against PDAC cells	[ 241 ]
MH	Iron/iron oxide NPs	3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenethylcarbamoyl) propanoic acid tetraethylene glycol ester	Iron/iron oxide NPs	–	145 kHz AMF	Panc‐02 cells	Panc‐02 disseminated peritoneal tumor model	Promote active delivery of NPs	[ 244 ]
RFA	Cetuximab‐conjugated Au NPs (10 nm), PAM4‐conjugated Au NPs (20 nm)	–	Au NPs	Cetuximab, PAM4 single‐chain IgG	600 W generator power RF field	Panc‐1 cells, Capan‐1 cells	Panc‐1 subcutaneous tumor model, Capan‐1 subcutaneous tumor model	Promote noninvasive induction of intracellular hyperthermia	[ 253 ]
RFA	Ni‐Au core‐shell nanowires (CSNWs)	–	Ni‐Au CSNWs	–	12–15 W, 900–950 MHz RF field	Panc‐1 cells	Panc‐1 subcutaneous tumor model	Induce PDAC cell death	[ 254 ]
US	Nab‐paclitaxel; BG8610, BG8214 microbubbles (MBs)	–	BG8610, BG8214 MBs, Nab‐paclitaxel	–	Frequency 1 MHz US	BxPC‐3 cells	BxPC‐3 subcutaneous tumor model	Decrease the tumor volume, increase therapeutic efficacy	[ 259 ]
US	Hollow MSNs‐l‐arginine‐CO2	–	CO2	–	1 W cm–2, frequency 1 MHz US	Panc‐1 cells	Panc‐1 subcutaneous tumor model	Inhibit tumor growth, reduce side effects	[ 260 ]
US	Cyclic decapeptide‐HMSNs‐l‐arginine	PEG	H2O2, l‐arginine as NO donors	Cyclic decapeptide CGLIIQKNEC	1 W cm–2, frequency 1 MHz US	Panc‐1 cells	Panc‐1 subcutaneous tumor model	Increase retention, inhibit tumor growth, prolong survival	[ 262 ]
SDT	Magnetic superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs and perfluorobutane (PFB) gas loaded MBs (MagMBs)	DBPC, DSPE‐PEG2000, DSPE‐PEG2000‐biotin	Rose Bengal, 5‐FU	Biotin	3.0 W cm–2, frequency 1 MHz US	BxPC‐3 cells, Miapaca‐2 cells, Panc‐1 cells, T110299 cells	BxPC‐3 orthotopic tumor model	Reduce tumor volume, promote sonodynamic/antimetabolite therapy	[ 269 ]
SDT	MagMBs	DBPC, DSPE‐PEG2000, DSPE‐PEG2000‐biotin	Rose Bengal, GEM	Biotin	Magnetic‐acoustic device (MAD): US: 1.17 MHz, Magnet: 0.2 T	BxPC‐3 cells, Miapaca‐2 cells	BxPC‐3 subcutaneous tumor model	Increase the therapeutic payload deposition ≈1.4 fold, decrease tumor volume 9% at 8 d after treatment	[ 270 ]
SDT	Fluorocarbon (FC)‐chain‐functionalized hollow MSNs (FHMSNs)	–	IR780	–	1 W cm−2, frequency 1 MHz US	Panc‐1 cells	Panc‐1 subcutaneous tumor model	Inhibit hypoxia‐induced resistance to SDT, promote killing and shrinkage of hypoxic PDAC	[ 268 ]