Table 2.
a: Demographic and clinical data, treatment received and echocardiographic findings of the groups. b: Comparison of laboratory parameters both at admission and after discharge between the groups according to pneumonia severity
| (a) | Control (n = 44) | Without pulmonary ınvolvement (n = 34) | Mild pneumonia (n = 30) | Severe pneumonia (n = 11) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 44.9 ± 12.7 | 47.8 ± 13.5 | 52.2 ± 12.3 | 48 ± 17.1 | 0.161 |
| Gender, Male, n(%) | 14 (31.8%) | 14 (41.2%) | 17 (56.7%) | 5 (45.5%) | 0.205 |
| Female, n(%) | 30 (68.2%) | 20 (58.2%) | 13 (43.3%) | 6 (54.5%) | |
| HR (bpm) | 76.7 ± 14 | 78.9 ± 13 | 82 ± 11.8 | 83.8 ± 19.2 | 0.319 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.2 ± 5.4 | 27.4 ± 4.4 | 29.5 ± 4.1 | 29.7 ± 6.7 | 0.180 |
| HT, n(%) | 10 (22.7%) | 12 (35.3%) | 7 (23.3%) | 4 (36.4%) | 0.528 |
| DM, n(%) | 5 (11.4%) | 5 (14.7%) | 6 (20%) | 2 (18.2%) | 0.771 |
| Smoking, n(%) | 16 (36.4%) | 8 (23.5%) | 8 (26.7%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0.277 |
| Treatment | |||||
| Hydroxychloroquine, n(%) | – | 34 (100%) | 30 (100%) | 11 (100%) | - |
| Azithromycin, n(%) | – | 11 (32.4%) | 13 (43.3%) | 6 (54.5%) | 0.380 |
| Favipiravir, n(%) | – | 5 (14.7%) | 5 (16.7%) | 4 (36.4%) | 0.259 |
| Steroid, n(%) | – | 0 (0%)e | 1 (3.3%) | 3(27.3%)e | 0.002* |
| Immune modulator, n(%) | – | 7 (20.6%) | 7 (23.3%) | 3 (27.3%) | 0.894 |
| Antibiotics, n(%) | – | 16 (47.1%) | 11 (36.7%) | 4 (36.4%) | 0.657 |
| Hospital stay (days) | – | 3.5 (0–18) | 5.2 (0–26) | 10.2 (0–33) | 0.131 |
| ICU admission, n(%) | – | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (3.3%) | 2 (18.2%) | 0.121 |
| NIMV/ intubation, n(%) | – | 3 (8.8%) | 2 (6.7%) | 2 (18.2%) | 0.545 |
| Echocardiographic findings | |||||
| LVEDV (ml) | 129.9 ± 24.2 | 139.2 ± 24 | 139.7 ± 26.6 | 135.7 ± 18.4 | 0.266 |
| LESV (ml) | 51.2 ± 11.9 | 54 ± 14.1 | 55.3 ± 11.5 | 55.6 ± 6.7 | 0.140 |
| LVEF (%) | 65 ± 3.9 | 65.2 ± 5.1 | 64.6 ± 5.2 | 63.6 ± 3.1 | 0.569 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 44.1 ± 4 | 45.6 ± 3.9 | 45.6 ± 4.2 | 45.1 ± 3 | 0.282 |
| LA (mm) | 32.4 ± 4.1a,b,c | 35.3 ± 4.2a | 36.2 ± 4.5b | 37.5 ± 4.2c | 0.001* |
| RV (mm) | 25.9 ± 2.8 | 26.7 ± 2.2 | 27.4 ± 2.1 | 26.5 ± 1.6 | 0.070 |
| RA (mm) | 30.8 ± 2.8 | 31.1 ± 3.4 | 32.1 ± 3.3 | 31.8 ± 2.3 | 0.398 |
| E/A ratio | 1.2 ± 0.4a,b,c | 1 ± 0.3a,d | 0.9 ± 0.3b,d | 0.9 ± 0.3c | < 0.001* |
| E/e’ ratio | 8.5 ± 2.6 | 9.1 ± 3.8 | 9 ± 2.9 | 8.4 ± 1.4 | 0.939 |
| LAVI (ml/m2) | 18.3 ± 5.9 | 20 ± 7.6 | 17.9 ± 6.3 | 17.6 ± 2.2 | 0.602 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 22.9 ± 3.4b | 21.9 ± 3.4d | 20.1 ± 2.9b,d,f | 23.6 ± 4.2f | 0.008* |
| sPAP (mmHg) | 17.8 ± 4.5a,b,c | 25.7 ± 5.5a | 26.4 ± 4.9b | 26 ± 4.3c | < 0.001* |
| LVGLS (%) | −18.3 ± 2.3b,c | −18.2 ± 3.7d,e | −15.3 ± 3.3b,d | −15.6 ± 3.4c,e | < 0.001* |
| (b) | Control (n = 44) | Without pulmonary ınvolvement (n = 34) | Mild pneumonia (n = 30) | Severe pneumonia (n = 11) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory findings after discharge | |||||
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 32 (3–212)b | 33.5 (7–359.5)d | 81.7 (7.9–1010)b,d | 51.8 (14–396.2) | 0.014* |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dl) | 344.5 (287–648) | 298 (218–511) | 337 (180–472) | 347 (302–374) | 0.074 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 2 (0–24) | 1.4 (0.1–17.4) | 3.5 (0.4–23.7) | 2.3 (0.8–38.8) | 0.184 |
| D-dimer (µg/L) | 470 (210–1330) | 310 (180–920) | 340 (170–1910) | 390 (270–780) | 0.353 |
| Hgb (gr/dl) | 13 (11–17) | 13 (8.5–15.9) | 13.3 (8.8–16.2) | 13 (11.4–16.4) | 0.345 |
| RBC (106/µl) | 4.6 (3.6–5.7) | 4.6 (2.8–5.7) | 4.9 (0.2–5.6) | 4.6 (3.9–5.3) | 0.360 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 40 (33.2–49.2) | 39.2 (25.8–47.6) | 42.2 (19–48.3) | 40.9 (33.4–44.8) | 0.438 |
| Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio | 1.9 (0.6–3.8) | 1.9 (1.1–5.5) | 1.7 (0.7–7.6) | 1.4 (0.6–2.8) | 0.348 |
| Neutrophil (103/µl) | 3.9 (1.6–7.8) | 3.5 (1.4–7.7) | 3.300 (1.9–16.6) | 3.7 (2.5–8) | 0.540 |
| Lymphocyte (103/µl) | 2.4 (1.1–6.9)a | 1.8 (0.5–3.8)a,e | 2.2 (1.1–4.1)f | 2.9 (1.9–4.1)e,f | 0.002* |
| WBC (103/µl) | 7 (4.4–13.5)a | 5.9 (2.4–10.8)a,e | 6 (4.1–19.6) | 7.3 (5.5–12)e | 0.025* |
| Lymphocyte % | 33.2 ± 7.8 | 32 ± 7.1 | 32.2 ± 8.8 | 36 ± 6 | 0.851 |
| Neutrophil % | 57.1 ± 7.9 | 57.5 ± 7.1 | 57.2 ± 10 | 54.7 ± 7.5 | 0.340 |
| Platelet (103/µl) | 241 (179–373)b | 260 (155–409)d | 213 (39.6–362)b,d | 229 (147–389) | 0.020* |
| Pro-BNP (pg/ml) | 34 (4–44)a,b | 55.5 (5–1258)a | 60.4 (5–621.5)b | 66.5 (5–257.9) | 0.036* |
| LDH (U/l) | 176.3 ± 47.3 | 190.2 ± 32 | 199.3 ± 25.4 | 200.6 ± 57.2 | 0.087 |
| Laboratory findings at hospital admission | |||||
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | – | 158 (22–1718)d,e | 393.2 (81.7–1654)d | 433.6 (139.8–1396)e | 0.025* |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dl) | – | 468 (293–714) | 504 (204–747) | 322 (301–587) | 0.268 |
| CRP (mg/l) | – | 11.6 (0.7–127.3) | 36 (9.1–230.2) | 30.5 (6.4–162.9) | 0.054 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/ml) | – | 0 (0–8.6) | 0.1 (0–7.7) | 0.1 (0–0.1) | 0.124 |
| D-dimer (µg/L) | – | 450 (270–7340) | 790 (320–3440) | 1010 (430–18.550) | 0.134 |
| Hgb (gr/dl) | – | 13.1 (8.1–16.6) | 13 (8.3–16.8) | 11.5 (9.7–14.7) | 0.354 |
| RBC (106/µl) | – | 4.5 (2.9–486) | 4.7 (3–5.7) | 4 (3.3–4.8) | 0.349 |
| Hematocrit (%) | – | 38.9 (24.6–50.5) | 39.3 (24.8–49.7) | 34.5 (29.5–41.8) | 0.508 |
| Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio | – | 2.5 (1–10.5) | 3.5 (1.3–43.2) | 2.7 (1.9–43.5) | 0.556 |
| Neutrophil (103/µl) | – | 3.6 (1.9–7.9) | 3.4(1.6–8.3) | 2.9 (2.4–11.3) | 0.901 |
| Lymphocyte (103/µl) | – | 1.5(0.2–2.7) | 1.2 (0.8–3) | 0.9 (0.2–5) | 0.391 |
| WBC (103/µl) | – | 6 (3.2–9.8) | 4.6 (3.9–9.9) | 6.2 (3.6–15.9) | 0.606 |
| Lymphocyte % | – | 14.6 ± 6 | 21.6 ± 8.4 | 23.3 ± 12.4 | 0.650 |
| Neutrophil % | – | 63.1 ± 11.7 | 69.5 ± 8.4 | 68.9 ± 14.5 | 0.167 |
| Platelet (103/µl) | – | 218 (94–416) | 176 (73–881) | 257 (152–1100) | 0.450 |
| Pro-BNP (pg/ml) | – | 80.9 (7.4–711.1) | 56.3 (12.7–793.1) | 81 (19.2–564.9) | 0.654 |
| LDH (U/l) | – | 281.7 ± 101.7 | 270.3 ± 97.3 | 431.3 ± 245.9 | 0.089 |
Abbreviations: HR heart rate, BMI body mass index, HT hypertension, DM diabetes mellitus, ICU intensive care unit, NIMV non invasive mechanical ventilation, LVEDV left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVESV left ventricular end sistolic volume, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEDD left ventricular end diastolic diameter, LA left atrium, RV right ventricle, RA right atrium, LAVI left atrium volume index, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, sPAP systolic pulmonary artery pressure, LVGLS left ventricular global longitudinal strain, CRP C reactive protein, Hgb Hemoglobin, RBC Red blood cell, WBC White blood cell, Pro-BNP Prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide, LDH Lactate dehydrogenase
*If there is p < 0.05 as the significance level, Pa:,control vs without pulmonary involvement Pb: control vs mild pneumonia, Pc: control vs severe pneumonia, Pd: without pulmonary involvement vs mild pneumonia, Pe: without pulmonary involvement vs severe pneumonia, Pf: mild pneumonia vs severe pneumonia