Table 3.
Results of the chronic dietary exposure assessment
| Pesticide | Chronic exposure (in % of ADI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Lower bound | Middle bound | Ad. upper bound | |
| 2,4‐D (RD) | 0.31 | 12.6 | 25.1 |
| 2‐Phenylphenol (RD) | 0.14 | 1.5 | 3.0 |
| Abamectin (RD) | 0.07 | 2.6 | 5.2 |
| Acephate (RD) | 0.02 | 0.3 | 0.58 |
| Acetamiprid (RD) | 0.43 | 2.9 | 5.8 |
| Acrinathrin (RD) | 0.01 | 0.7 | 1.3 |
| Aldicarb (RD) | n.r. | ||
| Ametoctradin (RD) | 0.0003 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| Azinphos‐Methyl (RD) | 0.0003 | 0.22 | 0.43 |
| Azoxystrobin (RD) | 0.15 | 1.50 | 3.0 |
| Bifenthrin (RD) | 0.14 | 1.00 | 2.0 |
| Biphenyl (RD) | 0.003 | 0.09 | 0.18 |
| Bitertanol (RD) | 0.005 | 0.75 | 1.5 |
| Boscalid (RD) | 1.5 | 7.15 | 14.3 |
| Bromide ion (RD)** | 1.2 | 7.35 | 14.7 |
| Bromopropylate (RD) | 0.001 | 0.20 | 0.4 |
| Bupirimate (RD) | 0.015 | 0.55 | 1.1 |
| Buprofezin (RD) | 0.17 | 3.05 | 6.1 |
| Captan (RD) | 2.2 | 8.40 | 16.8 |
| Carbaryl (RD) | 0.12 | 2.95 | 5.9 |
| Carbendazim (RD) | 0.27 | 2.05 | 4.1 |
| Carbofuran (RD) | 0.08 | 15.00 | 30.0 |
| Chlorantraniliprole (RD) | 0.005 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
| Chlordane (RD) | 0.00001 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
| Chlorfenapyr (RD) | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.49 |
| Chlormequat‐Chloride (RD) | 1.3 | 7.40 | 14.8 |
| Chlorothalonil (RD) | 0.2 | 9.25 | 18.5 |
| Chlorpropham (RD) | 2.3 | 3.00 | 6.0 |
| Chlorpyrifos (RD) | 7.7 | 140 | 272 |
| Chlorpyrifos‐Methyl (RD) | 0.29 | 8.35 | 16.7 |
| Clofentezine (RD) | 0.012 | 2.00 | 4.0 |
| Clothianidin (RD) | 0.012 | 0.35 | 0.69 |
| Cyazofamid (RD) | 0.003 | 0.08 | 0.15 |
| Cyfluthrin (RD) | 0.067 | 8.15 | 16.3 |
| Cymoxanil (RD) | 0.004 | 0.43 | 0.85 |
| Cypermethrin (RD) | 0.111 | 2.90 | 5.8 |
| Cyproconazole (RD) | 0.002 | 0.60 | 1.2 |
| Cyprodinil (RD) | 0.62 | 4.50 | 9.0 |
| Cyromazine (RD) | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.22 |
| DDT (RD) | 0.04 | 6.40 | 12.8 |
| Deltamethrin (RD) | 0.77 | 9.85 | 19.7 |
| Diazinon (RD) | 0.80 | 11.15 | 22.3 |
| Dichlorvos (RD) | 0.12 | 13.70 | 27.4 |
| Dicloran (RD) | 0.001 | 0.13 | 0.25 |
| Dicofol (RD) | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.563 |
| Dieldrin (RD) | 0.427 | 231 | 461 |
| Diethofencarb (RD) | 0.00004 | 0.03 | 0.054 |
| Difenoconazole (RD) | 0.54 | 8.10 | 16.2 |
| Diflubenzuron (RD) | 0.003 | 0.55 | 1.1 |
| Dimethoate (RD) | 0.54 | 13.70 | 27.4 |
| Dimethomorph (RD) | 0.13 | 1.25 | 2.5 |
| Diniconazole (RD) | 0.0003 | 0.31 | 0.617 |
| Diphenylamine (RD) | 0.001 | 0.22 | 0.438 |
| Dithianon (RD) | 1.1 | 4.05 | 8.1 |
| Dithiocarbamates (RD) – maneb sc. | 3.9 | 10.95 | 21.9 |
| Dithiocarbamates (RD) – mancozeb sc. | 4.1 | 11.35 | 22.7 |
| Dithiocarbamates (RD) – metiram sc. | 28.6 | 89.8 | 159 |
| Dithiocarbamates (RD) – propineb sc. | 28.6 | 89.8 | 159 |
| Dithiocarbamates (RD) – thiram sc. | 11.4 | 31.75 | 63.5 |
| Dithiocarbamates (RD) – ziram sc. | 38.2 | 120 | 212 |
| Dodine (RD) | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.259 |
| Emamectin (RD) | 0.131 | 6.45 | 12.9 |
| Endosulfan (RD) | 0.001 | 0.27 | 0.533 |
| EPN (RD)* | n.r. | ||
| Epoxiconazole (RD) | 0.07 | 5.55 | 11.1 |
| Ethephon (RD) | 1.3 | 2.00 | 4.0 |
| Ethion (RD) | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.47 |
| Ethirimol (RD) | 0.008 | 0.39 | 0.78 |
| Etofenprox (RD) | 0.31 | 2.80 | 5.6 |
| Etoxazole (RD) | 0.004 | 0.40 | 0.8 |
| Famoxadone (RD) | 0.085 | 3.85 | 7.7 |
| Fenamidone* (RD) | No ADI | ||
| Fenamiphos (RD) | 0.03 | 3.90 | 7.8 |
| Fenarimol (RD) | 0.002 | 0.30 | 0.6 |
| Fenazaquin (RD) | 0.088 | 4.05 | 8.1 |
| Fenbuconazole (RD) | 0.068 | 5.45 | 10.9 |
| Fenbutatin Oxide (RD) | 0.011 | 4.15 | 8.3 |
| Fenhexamid (RD) | 0.089 | 0.70 | 1.4 |
| Fenitrothion (RD) | 0.003 | 1.25 | 2.5 |
| Fenoxycarb (RD) | 0.009 | 1.00 | 2.0 |
| Fenpropathrin (RD) | 0.027 | 0.90 | 1.8 |
| Fenpropidin (RD) | 0.018 | 0.65 | 1.3 |
| Fenpropimorph (RD) | 0.191 | 9.05 | 18.1 |
| Fenpyroximate (RD) | 0.035 | 3.10 | 6.2 |
| Fenthion (RD) | 0.006 | 0.50 | 1.0 |
| Fenvalerate (RD) | 0.005 | 0.80 | 1.6 |
| Fipronil (RD) | 0.581 | 18.35 | 36.7 |
| Flonicamid (RD) | 0.439 | 8.65 | 17.3 |
| Fluazifop (RD) | 0.03 | 1.90 | 3.8 |
| Flubendiamide (RD) | 0.006 | 1.15 | 2.3 |
| Fludioxonil (RD) | 0.259 | 1.25 | 2.5 |
| Flufenoxuron (RD) | 0.004 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| Fluopicolide (RD) | 0.056 | 0.35 | 0.7 |
| Fluopyram (RD) | 0.97 | 9.35 | 18.7 |
| Fluquinconazole (RD) | n.r. | ||
| Flusilazole (RD) | 0.054 | 0.20 | 0.4 |
| Flutriafol (RD) | 0.088 | 3.60 | 7.2 |
| Fluxapyroxad (RD) | 0.258 | 4.75 | 9.5 |
| Folpet (RD) | 0.041 | 1.20 | 2.4 |
| Formetanate (Hydrochloride) (RD) | 0.095 | 2.70 | 5.4 |
| Fosthiazate (RD) | 0.038 | 1.00 | 2.0 |
| Glyphosate (RD) | 0.034 | 0.10 | 0.2 |
| Haloxyfop (RD) | 1.4 | 5.30 | 10.6 |
| Heptachlor (RD) | n.r. | ||
| Hexachlorobenzene (RD)* | |||
| Hexachlorocyclohexane, (alpha)* (RD) | |||
| Hexachlorocyclohexane, (beta)* (RD) | |||
| Hexaconazole (RD) | 0.009 | 0.60 | 1.2 |
| Hexythiazox (RD) | 0.02 | 2.30 | 4.6 |
| Imazalil (RD) | 15 | 14.30 | 28.6 |
| Imidacloprid (RD) | 0.052 | 1.15 | 2.3 |
| Indoxacarb (RD) | 0.376 | 8.80 | 17.6 |
| Iprodione (RD) | 0.116 | 15.80 | 31.6 |
| Iprovalicarb (RD) | 0.052 | 0.70 | 1.4 |
| Isocarbophos (RD)* | n.r. | ||
| Kresoxim‐Methyl (RD) | 0.001 | 0.05 | 0.1 |
| Lambda‐cyhalothrin (RD) | 0.98 | 11.85 | 23.7 |
| Lindane (RD) | 0.0003 | 0.35 | 0.7 |
| Linuron (RD) | 0.107 | 0.65 | 1.3 |
| Lufenuron (RD) | 0.016 | 0.95 | 1.9 |
| Malathion (RD) | 0.085 | 13.25 | 26.5 |
| Mandipropamid (RD) | 0.023 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
| Mepanipyrim (RD) | 0.027 | 1.20 | 2.4 |
| Mepiquat chloride (RD) | 0.055 | 0.85 | 1.7 |
| Metalaxyl and metalaxyl‐M (RD) | 0.025 | 0.95 | 1.9 |
| Methamidophos (RD) | 0.138 | 1.65 | 3.3 |
| Methidathion (RD) | 0.004 | 2.25 | 4.5 |
| Methiocarb (RD) | 0.004 | 0.65 | 1.3 |
| Methomyl (RD) | 0.234 | 0.90 | 1.8 |
| Methoxychlor (RD) | n.r. | ||
| Methoxyfenozide (RD) | 0.036 | 1.25 | 2.5 |
| Metrafenone (RD) | 0.025 | 0.15 | 0.3 |
| Monocrotophos (RD) | 0.036 | 1.65 | 3.3 |
| Myclobutanyl (RD) | 0.253 | 3.70 | 7.4 |
| Oxadixyl (RD) | 0.012 | 0.30 | 0.6 |
| Oxamyl (RD) | 0.003 | 1.00 | 2.0 |
| Oxydemeton‐Methyl (RD) | 0.001 | 0.65 | 1.3 |
| Paclobutrazol (RD) | 0.001 | 1.10 | 2.2 |
| Parathion (RD) | 0.2 × 10−6 | 0.01 | 0.013 |
| Parathion‐Methyl (RD) | 0.005 | 0.75 | 1.5 |
| Penconazole (RD) | 0.028 | 0.65 | 1.3 |
| Pencycuron (RD) | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| Pendimethalin (RD) | 0.002 | 0.10 | 0.2 |
| Permethrin (RD) | 0.009 | 0.35 | 0.7 |
| Phosmet (RD) | 5.4 | 5.30 | 10.6 |
| Pirimicarb (RD) | 0.094 | 1.20 | 2.4 |
| Pirimiphos‐Methyl (RD) | 6.6 | 45.35 | 90.7 |
| Procymidone (RD) | 0.064 | 0.15 | 0.3 |
| Profenofos (RD) | 0.002 | 1.35 | 2.7 |
| Propamocarb (RD) | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
| Propargite (RD) | 0.003 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| Propiconazole (RD) | 0.856 | 3.70 | 7.4 |
| Propyzamide (RD) | 0.001 | 0.06 | 0.12 |
| Prosulfocarb (RD) | 0.065 | 2.10 | 4.2 |
| Prothioconazole (RD) | 0.006 | 0.95 | 1.9 |
| Pymetrozine (RD) | 0.016 | 0.30 | 0.6 |
| Pyraclostrobin (RD) | 0.415 | 2.45 | 4.9 |
| Pyridaben (RD) | 0.033 | 3.85 | 7.7 |
| Pyrimethanil (RD) | 1.1 | 4.55 | 9.1 |
| Pyriproxyfen (RD) | 0.02 | 0.44 | 0.88 |
| Quinoxyfen (RD) | 0.002 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
| Spinosad (RD) | 0.19 | 4.15 | 8.3 |
| Spirodiclofen (RD) | 0.13 | 4.80 | 9.6 |
| Spiromesifen (RD) | 0.033 | 0.28 | 0.55 |
| Spiroxamine (RD) | 0.019 | 3.00 | 6.0 |
| Spirotetramat (RD) | 0.14 | 3.90 | 7.8 |
| Tau‐Fluvalinate (RD) | 0.133 | 6.65 | 13.3 |
| Tebuconazole (RD) | 0.266 | 2.10 | 4.2 |
| Tebufenozide (RD) | 0.084 | 4.30 | 8.6 |
| Tebufenpyrad (RD) | 0.05 | 3.35 | 6.7 |
| Teflubenzuron (RD) | 0.018 | 2.25 | 4.5 |
| Tefluthrin (RD) | 0.016 | 1.90 | 3.8 |
| Terbuthylazine (RD) | 0.001 | 0.13 | 0.26 |
| Tetraconazole (RD) | 0.117 | 6.40 | 12.8 |
| Tetradifon (RD) | 4 × 10−5 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| Thiabendazole (RD) | 1.4 | 4.30 | 8.6 |
| Thiacloprid (RD) | 0.50 | 3.10 | 6.2 |
| Thiamethoxam (RD) | 0.042 | 1.25 | 2.5 |
| Thiodicarb (RD) | 0.006 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
| Thiofanate‐Methyl (RD) | 0.102 | 1.55 | 3.1 |
| Tolclofos‐Methyl (RD) | 0.001 | 0.08 | 0.15 |
| Triadimefon (RD) | 0.001 | 0.06 | 0.12 |
| Triadimenol (RD) | 0.005 | 0.45 | 0.90 |
| Triazophos (RD) | 0.031 | 1.10 | 2.2 |
| Trifloxystrobin (RD) | 0.065 | 0.70 | 1.4 |
| Triflumuron (RD) | 0.178 | 1.05 | 2.1 |
| Vinclozolin (RD) | n.r. | ||
*
Active substance for which no ADI was established.
**
Tentative risk assessment based on ADI of 1 mg/kg bw per day set by JMPR (FAO, 1988).
n.r.: No quantified residues in any of the samples analysed.
sc.: scenario.