Table 2. Odds Ratios for Factors Associated With Age at Menopause and Reproductive Life Span Among US Women, 1959-2018.
| Factors | Age at menopausea | Reproductive life spanb | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariable analysis | Multivariable analysisc | Bivariable analysis | Multivariable analysisc | |||||
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age | 1.07 (1.06-1.08) | <.001 | 1.07 (1.06-1.08) | <.001 | 1.05 (1.04-1.06) | <.001 | 1.05 (1.04-1.07) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicityd | ||||||||
| White | 1 [Reference] | <.001 | 1 [Reference] | .006 | 1 [Reference] | <.001 | 1 [Reference] | .04 |
| Black | 0.78 (0.68-0.89) | 0.85 (0.72-1.01) | 0.80 (0.70-0.91) | 0.82 (0.70-0.97) | ||||
| Hispanic | 0.65 (0.57-0.74) | 0.70 (0.55-0.88) | 0.75 (0.67-0.85) | 0.81 (0.65-1.01) | ||||
| Non–US born | 0.84 (0.72-0.99) | .04 | 1.10 (0.86-1.40) | .45 | 0.78 (0.67-0.91) | .002 | 1.00 (0.80-1.25) | .99 |
| Greater than a high-school education | 1.40 (1.24-1.59) | <.001 | 1.36 (1.15-1.60) | <.001 | 1.60 (1.42-1.80) | <.001 | 1.49 (1.29-1.72) | <.001 |
| Poverty | 0.71 (0.63-0.81) | <.001 | 0.83 (0.71-0.97) | .02 | 0.69 (0.61-0.78) | <.001 | 0.82 (0.70-0.95) | .01 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never | 1 [Reference] | <.001 | 1 [Reference] | <.001 | 1 [Reference] | <.001 | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Former | 0.84 (0.72-0.98) | 0.75 (0.63-0.88) | 0.85 (0.74-0.99) | 0.76 (0.65-0.88) | ||||
| Current | 0.46 (0.39-0.55) | 0.57 (0.47-0.69) | 0.54 (0.46-0.64) | 0.65 (0.54-0.77) | ||||
| Obesity | ||||||||
| General | 1.12 (1.00-1.25) | .06 | 1.00 (0.85-1.18) | .98 | 1.32 (1.17-1.49) | <.001 | 1.19 (1.00-1.42) | .04 |
| Abdominal | 1.28 (1.13-1.45) | <.001 | 1.05 (0.87-1.27) | .61 | 1.45 (1.28-1.65) | <.001 | 1.10 (0.91-1.33) | .32 |
| Age at menarche | 1.04 (1.01-1.07) | .02 | 1.05 (1.01-1.10) | .007 | ||||
| Ever use of oral contraceptives | 1.10 (0.98-1.25) | .12 | 1.26 (1.08-1.48) | .005 | 1.25 (1.11-1.41) | <.001 | 1.34 (1.15-1.56) | <.001 |
| Ever use of hormone therapy | 1.09 (0.95 1.25) | .22 | 0.87 (0.75-1.00) | .05 | 1.05 (0.91-1.20) | .49 | 0.84 (0.73-0.97) | .02 |
| Hypertension | 1.21 (1.04-1.40) | .01 | 1.10 (0.94-1.29) | .25 | 1.19 (1.03-1.37) | <.001 | 1.11 (0.95-1.29) | .20 |
| Self-reported diabetes | 1.12 (0.94-1.34) | .20 | 1.08 (0.86-1.35) | .50 | 1.14 (0.96-1.34) | .13 | 1.02 (0.83-1.26) | .83 |
a
The bivariable and multivariable cumulative logit models were fitted to predict the odds of higher age at menopause, categorized as <45, 45-49, 50-54, and ≥55 years.
b
The bivariable and multivariable cumulative logit models were fitted to predict the odds of longer reproductive life span, categorized as <33, 33-36, 37-39, and ≥40 years.
c
Multivariable model adjusted for all factors listed in the table.
d
Interaction tests for differences in trends of age at menopause and reproductive life span by race/ethnicity were not statistically significant (P = .70 and P = .35, respectively).