NF-κB activity antagonizes tumor therapy.
(A) Gene set enrichment analysis for NF-κB target genes in human breast cancer samples before treatment that failed to achieve a pCR (n = 138 total patients). Normalized enrichment score (NES) is 1.799 (P = 0.0034). (B) Bar graph showing mean ± SEM of tumor volume of s.c. injected T4-2 tumors treated with IR or radiation in combination with NF-κB inhibitor JSH-23 (n = 7 or 8 animals per group). Cartoon shows experimental design. (C) Representative images of p65 IHC in untreated primary human triple-negative breast tumors or in residual disease of chemotherapy-treated human triple-negative breast tumors (n = 6 primary, n = 8 residual disease). (D) Bar graph showing mean ± SEM of the percentage of p65-positive cells in primary human triple-negative breast tumors or in residual disease of chemotherapy-treated human triple-negative breast tumors (n = 4 primary, n = 7 residual disease). Statistical analyses were performed using two-tailed t test (B) or two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test (D; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001). Scale bars are 100 µm.