Table 4.

Barriers to PA participation among cancer patients (% patients reporting the barrier)

Cancer type	Country, no. of participants, treatment stage	Study design	Physiological		Psychosocial & cultural								Economic & environmental			Reference
			(A) Treatment side effects, & (B) Co-morbidities		(A) Low self-efficacy & motivation, (B) Low exercise discipline, (C) Kinesiophobia & (D) Not sporty, (E) Lack of social support, (F) Family responsibility, (G) Preference for other activities, & (H) Time pressures								(A) Financial issues, (B) Poor weather, & (C)Unavailable/ inaccessible facilities
			(A)	(B)	(A)	(B)	(C)	(D)	(E)	(F)	(G)	(H)	(A)	(B)	(C)
Breast	Canada, 9, post-ttt	QI	+	+	+			+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	[40]
	Canada,160, during ttt	CS	+ (41)		+ (4)							+ (11)		+ (6)		[97]
	Canada, 8, during ttt	QI	+	+	+					+		+		+	+	[49]
	Canada, 12, mixed	QI	+		+				+	+	+	+			+	[77]
	Canada, 12, mixed	FG	+	+			+		+	+		+	+	+	+	[50]
	NZ, 20 women	FG			+			+	+					+	+	[51]
	Norway, 10, during ttt	QI	+		+											[98]
	Norway, 27, during ttt	FG	+						+	+		+				[52]
	Spain, 14, post-ttt	QI	+		+				+	+		+		+		[99]
	Sweden, 16, during ttt	QI	+		+					+		+			+	[53]
	UK, 83, during ttt	QI	+	+	+		+	+		+ (20)	+	+	+	+ (48)	+	[100]
	US, 23, during ttt	CS	+ (39)		+ (39)	+(52)	+	+	+ (26)	+ (22)	+ (26)	+ (39)	+ (22)	+	+ (22)	[55]
	US, 30 women, on ttt	QI	+						+		+					[101]
	US, 60 elderly, post-ttt	QI	+ (43)						+ (22)					+ (40)		[54]
Colo-rectal	Canada, 600, post-ttt	CS	+ (14)	+ (9)						+ (15)	+ (16)	+ (15)		+ (25)		[57]
	Canada, 69 survivors	RCT	+ (25)	+ (1)						+ (3)		+ (32)		+ (1)		[102]
	Netherland, 15, mixed	QI	+	+	+				+			+				[92]
	Spain, 30, during ttt	QI	+		+				+	+		+			+	[103]
	Sweden, 17 elderly	QI	+	+	+	+			+	+	+	+			+	[59]
	US, 30, mixed stages	QI	+	+	+										+	[104]
Endometrial	UK, 16, post-ttt	QI	+		+				+			+		+	+	[60]
Gynecologic	Canada, 239 patients	MM							+			+	+		+	[44]
Head/neck	England, 430, post-ttt	CS	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	[23]
Kidney	Canada, 482, post-ttt	CS	+ (20)	+ (24)	+ (14)					+ (19)		+ (22)		+ (15)	+ (8)	[61]
Lung	Australia, 7, post-ttt	FG	+	+	+	+	+	+	+			+	+	+	+	[63]
	Denmark, 19, post-ttt	QI	+	+												[64]
	France, 5, during ttt	QI	+	+	+		+		+					+		[105]
	UK, 28 patients	MM							+							[106]
	US, 43, pre-ttt	CS	+ (34)												+(16)	[65]
Lung & GI	US, 34 patients	QI	+	+	+		+	+		+	+	+		+	+	[107]
Lymphoma	US, post-ttt survivors	FG	+		+											[108]
Multiple myeloma	Australia, 24, post-ttt	QI	+		+		+									[66]
Ovarian	Australia, 95, mixed	CS	+ (38)		+ (26)	+ (36)	+ (12)	+(35)	+ (11)	+ (13)	+ (21)	+ (14)	+ (7)	+ (12)	+ (6)	[109]
	Australia, 95, mixed	CS	+ (38)	+	+	+ (33)		+(35)		+						[110]
	US, 10 women, post-ttt	QI	+	+						+		+		+	+	[111]
Prostate	Australia, 18, post-ttt	QI	+	+			+		+			+				[68]
	Australia, 14 men	QI	+	+	+	+			+	+		+	+			[112]
	England, 16 men, post-ttt	QI	+	+	+				+			+		+		[113]
	Ireland, 20 men	QI	+		+				+			+		+	+	[31]
Sarcoma	UK, 6, during ttt	QI	+		+				+							[114, 115]
Variousa	Australia, 101, mixed	CS	+		+			+								[116]
	Australia, 20, on ttt	QI	+		+				+						+	[117]
	Australia, 10, post-ttt	CS	+ (52)		+ (14)		+ (9)		+ (5)		+ (39)	+ (34)		+ (15)	+ (13)	[71]
	Australia, 92, during ttt	CS	+ (51)		+											[94]
	Australia, 15, mixed	QI	+		+		+	+				+			+	[70]
	Australia, 9, during ttt	QI/FG	+		+				+						+	[69]
	Canada,66, mixed stages	CS	+				+				+	+			+	[72]
	Canada, 788 patients	CS	+ (41)	+ (4)	+ (30)		+ (13)		+ (14)	+ (25)	+ (19)	+ (30)		+ (26)	+ (10)	[22]
	Canada, 30, during ttt	CS	+ (74)		+ (82)		+ (26)		+ (60)							[20]
	Denmark, 33, during ttt	QI	+		+	+		+		+		+				[118]
	Denmark, 451, during ttt	CS	+ (74)						+ (14)			+ (14)	+ (13)		+ (15)	[48]
	England, 41, post-ttt	CS	+ (32)		+ (12)		+ (12)				+ (18)	+ (27)			+ (15)	[119]
	England, 59, mixed	CS	+ (48)	+ (22)	+ (18)	+ (18)	+ (18)	+(10)	+ (45)				+ (20)			[74, 75]
	Germany, 141 patients	CS	+ (77)	+ (85)	+ (50)		+ (27)	+(40)	+	+ (5)		+ (5)		+ (4)	+ (7)	[18]
	Ireland, 41, mixed	FG	+	+	+				+	+	+		+		+	[77]
	Italy, 12 females, post-ttt	FG	+				+		+			+		+	+	[78]
	NZ, 25, mixed stages	QI	+		+		+		+				+		+	[81]
	Norway, 7, during ttt	QI	+													[80]
	Sweden, 18, during ttt	FG	+	+	+				+			+			+	[24]
	UK, 19, post-ttt	QI	+	+					+			+		+		[37]
	UK, 456, post-ttt	CS	+ (36)	+ (37)	+ (27)		+ (20)							+ (26)	+ (26)	[43]
	UK, 6, post-ttt	QI	+		+		+			+	+	+		+		[82]
	UK, 12, mixed stages	QI	+	+					+							[36]
	UK, 1, mixed stages	QI	+				+	+							+	[83]
	UK, 26, mixed stages	FG	+		+		+		+			+	+		+	[84]
	US, 25, post-ttt	FG	+		+				+	+			+		+	[86]
	US, 162, mixed stages	CS	+ (34)		+ (36)	+ (24)			+ (35)			+ (24)				[96]
	US, 662, mixed stages	CS	+ (78)		+ (67)	+ (24)			+ (6)			+ (29)	+ (20)		+ (11)	[25]
	US, 20, post-ttt	QI	+	+	+				+			+	+		+	[39]
	US, 20, during ttt	QI	+		+											[85]
	US, 452 patients	CS	+		+		+		+	+	+	+		+	+	[120]
	US, 622 patients	CS	+ (78)		+ (68)	+ (65)										[21]
	US, 590 patients	CS	+	+							+ (8)	+ (21)				[42]
	US, 566 older adults	CS		+												[121]
	US, 640 patients	CS	+ (27)				+ (3)				+ (11)	+ (27)	+ (3)			[47]
	US, 13, mixed stages	QI	+		+		+		+						+	[122]

Abbreviations: CS cross-sectional, FG focus groups, MM mixed-method, NZ New Zealand, PA physical activity, QI qualitative interview, ttt treatment, RCT randomized controlled trial. ^a The study included various mixed cancer types