Table 1.
Differentiation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) into male germ cells in vitro
| MSC source | Source age | Species | Inducer | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adult | Dog | BMP4 | [65] |
| Adipose tissue | Adult | Dog | CD61 overexpression | [66] |
| Adipose tissue | Adult | Goat |
BOULE overexpression DAZL overexpression STRA8 overexpression |
[67] |
| Adipose tissue | Adult | Human | Retinoic acid | [68] |
| Adipose tissue | Adult | Mouse |
BMP4 EGF GDNF LIF Retinoic acid |
[69] |
| Adipose tissue | Adult | Mouse |
Sertoli cells co-culture Retinoic acid Testosterone |
[70] |
| Adipose tissue | Adult | Mouse |
Testicular cell conditioned medium Retinoic acid |
[71] |
| Amniotic membrane | Fetal | Human | Retinoic acid | [72] |
| Amniotic membrane | Fetal | Mouse |
BMP4 Retinoic acid |
[73] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Goat |
BMP4 Retinoic acid |
[74] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Human |
Retinoic acid Sertoli cell-conditioned medium |
[75] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Human | Retinoic acid | [76] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Mouse | BMP4 | [77, 78] |
|
Bone marrow Adipose tissue |
Adult | Mouse |
BMP4 Retinoic acid |
[79] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Mouse |
BMP4 Retinoic acid |
[80] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Mouse | Retinoic acid | [81–83] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Mouse | Sertoli cell-condition medium | [84] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Mouse |
Static magnetic field BMP4 |
[85] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Mouse |
Retinoic acid Testicular cell co-culture |
[86] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Rat |
bFGF LIF Retinoic acid |
[87] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Rat | Retinoic acid | [88] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Rat | Sertoli cell co-culture | [89] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Sheep | Inorganic zinc (sulfate) | [90] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Sheep |
Inorganic zinc (sulfate) Organic zinc (acetate) Retinoic acid |
[91] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Sheep |
Retinoic acid TGF-β1 |
[92] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Sheep | Retinoic acid | [93] |
| Bone marrow | Adult | Sheep |
TGFb1 BMP4 BMP8b |
[94] |
| Bone marrow | Fetal | Human |
Retinoic acid Testicular extracts |
[95] |
| Lung | Fetal | Human | Retinoic acid | [96] |
| Umbilical cord | Fetal | Human |
BMP4 Retinoic acid |
[97, 98] |
| Umbilical cord | Fetal | Human | BMP4 | [99] |
| Umbilical cord | Fetal | Human | pCD61-CAGG-TRIP-pur (oCD61) plasmid | [100] |
| Umbilical cord | Fetal | Human | Testicular cell co-culture | [101] |
| Wharton’s jelly | Fetal | Human |
BMP4 Testicular cell-conditioned medium Placental cell-conditioned medium Retinoic acid |
[102] |
| Wharton’s jelly | Fetal | Human |
BMP4 Placenta cell co-culture Retinoic acid |
[103] |
| Wharton’s jelly | Fetal | Human |
Retinoic acid Testosterone Testicular cell-conditioned medium |
[104] |
| Wharton’s jelly | Fetal | Human | Retinoic acid | [105, 106] |
| Wharton’s jelly | Fetal | Human | Sertoli cell co-culture | [107] |
Abbreviations: bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor, BMP bone morphogenetic protein, EGF epidermal growth factor, GDNF glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, LIF leukemia inhibitory factor, TGFb1 transforming growth factor-beta 1