Table 2.
Differentiation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) into female germ cells in vitro
| MSC source | Source age | Species | Inducer | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Adipose tissue Ovary Skin |
Adult | Pig | Follicular fluid | [108] |
|
Amniotic membrane Chorion Umbilical cord |
Fetal | Human | BMP4 | [109] |
| Follicular fluid | Adult | Human | BMP15 | [110] |
| Menstrual blood | Adult | Human |
Polylactic acid Multi-wall carbon nanotubes |
[111] |
| Menstrual blood | Adult | Human | Follicular fluid | [112] |
| Muscle | Fetal | Pig | Follicular fluid | [113] |
| Ovary | Adult | Mouse | Oct4 overexpression | [114] |
| Ovary | Fetal | Cow |
BMP4 BMP2 Follicular fluid |
[115] |
| Peritoneum | Adult | Mouse |
Human follicular fluid Human cumulus-conditioned medium |
[116] |
| Skin | Adult | Pig | Follicular fluid | [117] |
| Umbilical cord | Fetal | Goat | Follicular fluid | [118] |
| Umbilical cord | Fetal | Human | Follicular fluid | [119] |
| Wharton’s jelly | Fetal | Human |
Follicular fluid Cumulus cell-conditioned medium |
[120] |
Abbreviations: B MP bone morphogenetic protein