Table 3. Association between the use of antimicrobials and the resistance pattern of the isolates.
| Antimicrobials used | Antimicrobial resistance pattern of the isolatesa) | No. of isolates |
|---|---|---|
| Penicillins | AMP-PIP-CFZ-FOX-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-CXM-CTX-FEP-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-CFZ-FOX-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-CXM-CTX-FOX-GEN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-CFZ-FOX-KAN-STR-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 4 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-FOX-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-GEN-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 2 | |
| AMP-PIP-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 3 | |
| GEN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-GEN-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-GEN-STR-TET-NAL | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-TET-CHL | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-KAN-STR-TET | 1 | |
| KAN-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| CFZ-FOX-CHL-NAL | 2 | |
| KAN-TET-CHL-SXT | 1 | |
| TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-TET | 1 | |
| KAN-TET-SXT | 2 | |
| STR-TET | 2 | |
| -b) | 2 | |
| Ceftiofur | AMP-PIP-CFZ-CTX-FOX-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-CTX-FOX-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-CTX-FOX-STR-TET-CHL | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-FOX-STR-TET-CHL | 3 | |
| Aminoglycoside | AMP-PIP-KAN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 |
| AMP-PIP-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-NAL | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-KAN-STR-TET-CHL | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-STR-TET-SXT | 1 | |
| -b) | 1 | |
| Tetracyclines | AMP-PIP-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 |
| AMP-CFZ-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-CHL-SXT | 3 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-CHL | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-STR-TET-CHL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET | 1 | |
| TET | 1 | |
| -b) | 1 | |
| Phenicols | AMP-PIP-CFZ-GEN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-CHL-SXT | 3 | |
| KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| TET-CHL-NAL | 1 | |
| STR-TET | 1 | |
| Fluoroquinolones | AMP-PIP-CFZ-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 |
| AMP-PIP-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 2 | |
| AMP-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 2 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| GEN-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-KAN-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| CFZ-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-FOX-STR-TET-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-KAN-STR-TET-CHL | 2 | |
| AMP-CFZ-FOX-GEN-STR-TET-NAL | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-CHL | 2 | |
| AMP-PIP-STR-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-STR-TET-NAL | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-NAL | 1 | |
| STR-TET | 2 | |
| CHL | 1 | |
| TET | 1 | |
| Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim | AMP-CXM-GEN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 |
| AMP-GEN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| GEN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| Penicillins + Aminoglycoside | AMP-PIP-CFZ-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 2 |
| AMP-PIP-GEN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 2 | |
| AMP-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 2 | |
| AMP-GEN-STR-TET-CHL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-FOX-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL | 2 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-CIP-LVX-GAT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET | 1 | |
| CFZ-KAN-STR-TET | 1 | |
| KAN-TET-CHL-SXT | 1 | |
| STR-TET | 1 | |
| Penicillins + Tetracyclines | AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-CHL-SXT | 1 |
| Penicillins + Phenicols | AMP-PIP-CFZ-GEN-KAN-TET-CHL-NAL | 1 |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-CHL-SXT | 3 | |
| AMP-KAN-STR-CHL-SXT | 1 | |
| Penicillins + Fluoroquinolones | AMP-PIP-CFZ-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 |
| Penicillins + Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim | NAL-SXT | 1 |
| Ceftiofur + Fluoroquinolones | AMP-CFZ-FOX-ATM-KAN-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 |
| AMP-CFZ-FOX-KAN-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-CXM-CTX-CHL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-KAN-STR-TET-NAL | 1 | |
| Fluoroquinolones + Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim | AMP-PIP-CFZ-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 |
| AMP-PIP-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-SXT | 2 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-GEN-KAN-STR-TET | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-GEN-KAN-STR | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-STR-TET-NAL | 1 | |
| Penicillins + Ceftiofur + Aminoglycoside | AMP-PIP-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-SXT | 1 |
| Penicillins + Aminoglycoside + Tetracyclines | AMP-PIP-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT | 2 | |
| TET | 1 | |
| Penicillins + Aminoglycoside + Fluoroquinolones | AMP-CFZ-FOX-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP | 1 |
| Penicillins + Aminoglycoside + Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim | AMP-GEN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 |
| GEN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| CFZ-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP | 1 | |
| Penicillins + Tetracyclines + Phenicols + Fluoroquinolones | AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-NAL | 1 |
| Unused | AMP-PIP-CFZ-CTX-FOX-ATM-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-CXM-CTX-ATM-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-CFZ-CXM-CTX-FOX-ATM-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX | 1 | |
| AMP-CFZ-CXM-CTX-FOX-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-CXM-CTX-FOX-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 2 | |
| AMP-CFZ-FOX-KAN-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 2 | |
| AMP-CFZ-CTX-FOX-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-ATM-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 2 | |
| AMP-PIP-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-KAN-TET-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-GEN-KAN-STR-TET-CHL-SXT | 2 | |
| AMP-PIP-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 3 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-CHL-SXT | 2 | |
| AMP-PIP-GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-STR-TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 4 | |
| GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT | 1 | |
| STR-CHL-NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-STR-TET-CHL | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-TET-CHL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-KAN-STR-TET-CHL | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-STR-TET-CHL-SXT | 3 | |
| GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP-LVX | 4 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-TET-CHL | 3 | |
| AMP-PIP-CFZ-TET-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-KAN-STR-TET | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-STR-TET-SXT | 1 | |
| GEN-STR-TET-NAL-CIP | 1 | |
| NAL-CIP-LVX-GAT-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-CHL-SXT | 1 | |
| AMP-PIP-TET-CHL | 1 | |
| GEN-STR-TET-NAL | 1 | |
| KAN-STR-CHL-SXT | 1 | |
| KAN-STR-TET-SXT | 1 | |
| KAN-TET-CHL-SXT | 1 | |
| TET-CHL-NAL-SXT | 5 | |
| STR-TET | 1 | |
| NAL | 2 | |
| TET | 3 | |
| -b) | 2 | |
a) AMP, ampicillin; PIP, piperacillin; CFZ, cefazolin; CXM, cefuroxime; CTX, cefotaxime; FEP, cefepime; FOX, cefoxitin; ATM, aztreonam; GEN, gentamicin; KAN, kanamycin; STR, streptomycin; TET, tetracycline; CHL, chloramphenicol; NAL, nalidixic acid; CIP, ciprofloxacin; LVX, levofloxacin; GAT, gatifloxacin; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. b) Susceptible to all antimicrobials tested.