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. 2021 Apr 7;43(4):493–506. doi: 10.1007/s00281-021-00852-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The pivotal role of monocytes in liver infections. Liver infections by pathogens such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses can lead to the recruitment of classical, pro-inflammatory monocytes via the CCL2/CCR2 axis. An important role of pro-inflammatory monocytes is to combat these invading pathogens. However, dysregulation in monocyte recruitment and activation can also lead to the initiation of immunopathologic processes that promote liver injury and favor the survival of pathogens. The figure was created with a licensed version of Biorender.com