Table 2.
Average annual costs, investments, and returns to test amoxicillin quality in Kenya.
| HPLC (reference) | Expedited HPLC | PADs/aPADs | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Costs | |||
| Sampling, screening, testing, & removal costs | $9,153 | $9,153 | $6,120 |
| Incremental investment | $3,033 | $3,033 | $0 |
| Benefits | |||
| Treatment costs | $13,368,329 | $13,206,543 | $12,937,990 |
| Productivity losses: short-term | $5,364,369 | $5,289,872 | $5,166,347 |
| Long-term | $308,913,977 | $303,549,139 | $294,656,953 |
| Incremental return | |||
| Excluding productivity | $161,787 | $430,339 | |
| Including productivity | $5,601,122 | $14,855,385 | |
| Cost per benefit | |||
| Number of child pneumonia deaths | 12,707 | 12,486 | 12,120 |
| Deaths averted | 221 | 586 | |
| Cost per death averted | $41.42 | $10.44 | |
| Number of SF treatments received | 25,075 | 21,339 | 15,144 |
| SF treatments averted | 3,736 | 9,931 | |
| Cost per SF treatment averted | $2.45 | $0.62 | |
| SF treatments removed from market | 4,685 | 6,770 | 13,628 |
| Cost per SF treatment removed | $1.95 | $1.35 | $0.45 |
HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; PADs/aPADs: paper analytical devices/antibiotic paper analytical devices; SF: substandard or falsified.
The table presents annual average costs over 3 year model runs. Across all scenarios, the numbers of overall treatments (SF treatments + legitimate treatments) are kept constant. The PADs/aPADs with HPLC scenario draws three different samples over 3 years, and is thus is able to detect and remove more SF amoxicillin compared to other scenarios.